Abstract
Interlocking directorates and gender are both relevant topics in the modern corporate governance debate. Interlocking directorship networks serve different purposes and can have a significant impact on boards, companies and industries. In this context there has been great interest in gender issues relating to interlocking directorship networks fueled by the recent wave of quota regulations across Europe that has pushed up the presence of women on boards. In this paper we provide a bibliometric analysis of the results in literature related to interlocking directorships and gender; in particular we analyse the relevant literature in order to understand its structure using co-citation mechanisms and co-word analysis of the relevant works. It is possible to observe from the existent literature that the topics of interlocking directorship and performance have developed into a relevant and researched area for academics. The results show that it is important to study the structure of the interlocking directorship networks by gender, type of role on boards, presence in board committees, as they impact performance. The main contribution of this work is to assess the existing literature on female networks, interlocking directorship networks and also the effects of different patterns of board diversity on the economic performances of companies.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Approved in 2011, it prohibits a director in a financial institution from holding the same office in another competing financial undertaking.
References
Adams, R. B., & Ferreira, D. (2009). Women in the boardroom and their impact on governance and performance. Journal of Financial Economics, 94(2009), 291–309.
Ahern, K. R., Dittmar, A. K. (2012). The changing of the boards: The impact on firm valuation of mandated female board representation. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 127(1), 137–197.
Aria, M., & Cuccurullo, C. (2017). Bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis, Journal of Infometrics, 11(4), 959–975.
Becker, G. (1964). Human capital: A theoretical empirical analysis with special reference to education. New York: Columbia University Press.
Bianco, M., Ciavarella, A., & Signoretti, R. (2015). Women on corporate boards in Italy: The role of family connections. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 23(2), 129–144.
Bilimoria, D. (2000). Building the business case for women corporate directors. In R. Burke & M. Mattis (Eds.), Women on corporate boards of directors: International challenges and opportunities (pp. 25–40). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
Burt, R. S. (2000). The network structure of social capital.
Burt, R. S. (2015). Reinforced structural holes.
Carter, D. A., D’Souza, F., Simkins, B. J, & Simpson. G. W. (2007). The diversity of corporate board committees and financial performance.
Consob. (2018). Rapporto 2017 sulla corporate governance delle società quotate italiane. Online al link: http://www.consob.it/web/areapubblica/rapporto-sulla-corporate-governance .
Consob – La corporate governance delle societa’ quotate italiane. (2017). Report on corporate governance of Italian listed companies 2017. Report presented on February 12, 2018.
De Bakker, F. G., Groenewegen, P., & Den Hond, F. (2005). A bibliometric analysis of 30 years of research and theory on corporate social responsibility and corporate social performance. Business and Society, 44(3), 283–317.
Drago, C, Aliberti Amidani, L., & Carbonai, D. (2014). Measuring gender differences in information sharing using network analysis: The case of the Austrian interlocking directorship network in 2009. FEEM Working Paper No. 061.
Drago, C., Millo, F., Ricciuti, R., &Santella, P. (2012). The role of women in the Italian Network of Boards of Directors, 2003–2010. Rivista di Politica Economica, 110(4–6), 161–185 (2012).
Drago, C., Millo, F., Ricciuti, R., & Santella, P. (2015). Corporate governance reforms, interlocking directorship and company performance in Italy. International Review of Law and Economics, 41, 38–49.
Drago, C., & Ricciuti, R. (2017). Communities detection as a tool to assess a reform of the Italian interlocking directorship network. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 466, 91–104.
Espen Eckboy, B., Nygaardz, K., & Thorburnx, K. S. (2016). How costly is forced gender-balancing of corporate boards?
Ferrari, G., Ferraro, V., Profeta, P., & Pronzato, C.(2016). Gender quotas: Challenging the boards, performance and the stock market. Working Papers 092, Carlo F. Dondena Centre for Research on Social Dynamics (DONDENA), Università Commerciale Luigi Bocconi.
Forbes, D. P., & Milliken, F. J. (1999). Cognition and corporate governance: Understanding board of directors as strategic decision-making groups. Academy of Management Review, 24(3), 489–505.
Gamba, M., & Goldstein, A. (2009). The gender dimension of business elites: Italian women directors since 1934. Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 14(2), 199–225.
Granovetter, M. (1983). The strength of weak ties: A network theory revisited. Sociological Theory, 1(1983), 201–233.
Hawarden, R. J., & Marsland, S. (2011). Locating women board members in gendered director networks. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 26(8), 532–549.
Hillman, A. J., & Dalziel, T. (2003). Boards of directors and firm performance: Integrating agency and resource dependence perspectives. Academy of Management Review, 28(3), 383–396.
Huse, M. (2008). Women directors and the “black box” of board behavior. In S. Vinnicombe, V. Singh, R. Burke, D. Bilimoria, & M. Huse (Eds.), Women on corporate boards: International research and practice. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
Huse, M. (2011). The “Golden Skirts”: Changes in board composition following gender quotas on corporate boards.
Huse, M. (2012), “Golden Skirts” Lessons from Norway about women on corporate board of directors. In S. Grosch & J. Takagi (Eds.), Diversity quotas, diverse perspectives: The case of gender. France: Essec Business School.
Ibarra, E. (1993). Personal networks of women and minorities in management: A conceptual framework. The Academy of Management Review, 18(1), 56–87.
International Forum on Knowledge Asset Dynamics (IFKAD). (2016). Towards a new architecture of knowledge: Big data, culture and creativity (pp. 1944–1958).
Kim, S. M., & Sherraden, M. (2014). The impact of gender and social networks on microenterprise business performance. The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 41(3), Article 4.
Klyver, K., & Terjesen, S. (2007). Entrepreneurial network composition. Women in Management Review, 22(8), 682–688.
Konig, T., & Gogel, R. (1981). Interlocking corporate directorships as a social network. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 40(1), 37–50.
Le Péchon, G. (2017). Résultats de l’étude annuelle, Composition des Conseils d’ Administration et de Surveillance. Gouvernance & Structures.
Løyning, T. (2011). Kjønnskvotering, kvinner og styrenettverk (Gender quotas, women and control network).
Matsa, D. A., & Miller, A. R. (2013). A female style in corporate leadership? Evidence from quotas. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 5(3), 136–169.
McInerney-Lacombe, N., Bilimoria, D., & Salipante, P. (2008). Championing the discussion of tough issues: how women corporate directors contribute to board deliberations. In S. Vinnicombe, V. Singh, R. Burke, D. Bilimoria, & M. Huse (Eds.), Women on corporate boards: International research and practice. Edward Elgar: Cheltenham, UK.
O’Hagan, S. B. (2017). An exploration of gender, interlocking directorates, and corporate performance. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 9(3), 269–282.
Paoloni, P., Doni, F., & Drago, C. (2016). Gender diversity indicator, corporate environmental and financial performance: Evidence from Europe. In IFKAD 2016 11th International Forum on Knowledge Asset Dynamics Towards a New Architecture of Knowledge: Big Data, Culture and Creativity (pp. 1944–1958).
Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. R. (1978). The external control of organizations: A resource dependence approach. New York: Harper and Row Publishers.
Portes, A. (1998). Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology.
Post, C., & Byron, K. (2015). Women on boards and firm financial performance: A meta-analysis. Academy of Management Journal, 58(5), 1546–1571.
Profeta, P., Amidani Aliberti, L., Casarico, A., D’Amico, M., & Puccio, A. (2014). Women directors: The Italian way and beyond. Berlin: Springer, ISBN 1137427485, 9781137427489.
Reberiouxy, A., & Roudautz, G. (2016). Gender quota inside the boardroom: Female directors as new key players?
Santella, P., Drago, C., & Polo, A. (2009). The Italian chamber of lords sits on listed company boards: An empirical analysis of Italian listed company boards from 1998 to 2006.
Selznick, P. (1949). TVA and the grass roots: A study in the sociology of formal organization (Vol. 3). California: University of California Press.
Solimene, S., Coluccia, D., & Fontana, S. (2017). Gender diversity on corporate boards: An empirical investigation of Italian listed companies.
Terjesen, S., Sealy, R., & Singh, V. (2009). Women Directors on Corporate Boards: A review and research agenda. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 17(3), 320–337.
Terjesen, S., Singh, V., & Vinnicombe, S. (2008). Do women still lack the “right” kind of human capital for directorships on the FTSE 100 corporate boards. In S. Vinnicombe, V. Singh, R. Burke, D. Bilimoria, & M. Huse (Eds.), Women on corporate boards: International research and practice. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
Thiruvadi, S., & Huang, H.-W. (2011). Audit committee gender differences and earnings management. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 26(7), 483–498.
Useem, M. (1984). The inner circle: Large corporations and the rise of business political activity. New York: Oxford University Press.
Van der Walt, N., & Ingley, C. (2003). Board dynamics and the influence of professional background, gender and ethnic diversity of directors. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 11, 218–234. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8683.00320.
Westphall, J. D., & Milton, L. P. (2000). How experience and network ties affect the influence of demographic minorities on corporate boards. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45(2), 366–398.
Zenou, E., Allemand, I., & Brullebaut, B. (2012). At the origins of female directors’ networks: A study of the French case. Research in Finance, 28, 177–192.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Appendices
Appendix
Main Information About Data
Period | 1983–2017 |
|---|---|
Articles | 46 |
Sources (journals, books, etc.) | 41 |
Keywords plus (ID) | 235 |
Author’s keywords (DE) | 89 |
Average citations per article | 26.6 |
Authors | 90 |
Author appearances | 94 |
Authors of single authored articles | 12 |
Authors of multi-authored articles | 78 |
Articles per author | 0.511 |
Authors per article | 1.96 |
Co-Authors per article | 2.04 |
Collaboration index | 2.44 |
Annual Scientific Production
Year | Articles |
|---|---|
1983 | 1 |
1995 | 1 |
1997 | 1 |
2000 | 1 |
2002 | 1 |
2004 | 1 |
2006 | 2 |
2007 | 3 |
2008 | 1 |
2009 | 4 |
2010 | 4 |
2011 | 3 |
2012 | 3 |
2013 | 5 |
2014 | 3 |
2015 | 8 |
2016 | 2 |
2017 | 2 |
Most Productive Authors
Authors | Articles | Authors | Articles |
1 Bilimoria, D | 2 | Hawarden, R | 1.5 |
2 Hawarden, R | 2 | O’hagan, S | 1.2 |
3 Hodigere, R | 2 | Bacon, W | 1.0 |
4 O’hagan, S | 2 | Bilimoria, D | 1.0 |
5 Abdullah, S | 1 | Burke, R | 1.0 |
6 Al-Khudhairy, N | 1 | Clark, J | 1.0 |
7 Allemand, I | 1 | De, SM | 1.0 |
8 Anokhin, S | 1 | Hodigere, R | 1.0 |
9 Azua, V | 1 | Holton, V | 1.0 |
10 Bacon, W | 1 |
Top Manuscripts Per Citation
Paper | TC | TC per Year |
|---|---|---|
1. Terjesen S; Sealy R; Singh V, (2009), corp. Gov. | 238 | 26.44 |
2. Hillman A; Shropshire C; Cannella A, (2007), acad. Manage. J. | 170 | 15.45 |
3. Kilduff M; Brass D, (2010), Acad. Manage. Ann. | 161 | 20.12 |
4. Miller T; Triana M, (2009), J. Manage. Stud. | 157 | 17.44 |
5. Burke R, (1997), J. Bus. Ethics | 72 | 3.43 |
6. Wincent J; Anokhin S; Ortqvist D, (2010), J. Bus. Res. | 50 | 6.25 |
7. Seierstad C; Opsahl T, (2011), Scand. J. Manage. | 42 | 6.00 |
8. Sheridan A, (2002), Career dev. Int. | 24 | 1.50 |
9. Retallack J, (2006), NA | 23 | 1.92 |
10. Van VK; Kratzer J, (2011), Econ. Soc. | 20 | 2.86 |
Most Productive Countries
Country | Articles | Frequency | |
|---|---|---|---|
1 | USA | 10 | 0.3448 |
2 | Canada | 4 | 0.1379 |
3 | UK | 4 | 0.1379 |
4 | France | 2 | 0.069 |
5 | Netherlands | 2 | 0.069 |
6 | Australia | 1 | 0.0345 |
7 | India | 1 | 0.0345 |
8 | Italy | 1 | 0.0345 |
9 | New Zealand | 1 | 0.0345 |
10 | Poland | 1 | 0.0345 |
Total Citations Per Country
Country | Total citations | Average article citations | |
|---|---|---|---|
1 | USA | 621 | 62.1 |
2 | UK | 215 | 53.8 |
3 | Canada | 89 | 22.2 |
4 | Sweden | 50 | 50.0 |
5 | Netherlands | 25 | 12.5 |
6 | Australia | 24 | 24.0 |
7 | France | 19 | 9.5 |
8 | Italy | 9 | 9.0 |
9 | United Kingdom | 8 | 8.0 |
10 | India | 1 | 1.0 |
Most Relevant Sources
Source | #Articles | |
|---|---|---|
1 | Journal of Business Ethics | 4 |
2 | Corporate Governance—An International Review | 2 |
3 | Women in Management Review | 2 |
4 | 2012 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (asonam) | 1 |
5 | Academy of Management Annals | 1 |
6 | Academy of Management Journal | 1 |
7 | Business Horizons | 1 |
8 | Career Development International | 1 |
9 | Civic Hopes and Political Realities: Immigrants Community Organizations and Political Engagement | 1 |
10 | Economy and Society | 1 |
Most Relevant Keywords
Author Keywords (DE) | Articles | Keywords-Plus (ID) | Articles | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Gender | 10 | Governance | 7 |
2 | Board of directors | 7 | Interlocking directorates | 7 |
3 | Directors | 5 | Diversity | 6 |
4 | Board diversity | 4 | Firm performance | 6 |
5 | Corporate governance | 4 | Gender | 6 |
6 | Boards of directors | 3 | Corporate boards | 5 |
7 | Gender diversity | 3 | Directors | 5 |
8 | Networking | 3 | Committee membership | 4 |
9 | Women | 3 | Female | 4 |
10 | Corporate boards | 2 | Minorities | 4 |
Merged Database: Bibliometric Summary
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Drago, C., Aliberti, L.A. (2019). Interlocking Directorship Networks and Gender: A Bibliometric Analysis. In: Paoloni, P., Lombardi, R. (eds) Advances in Gender and Cultural Research in Business and Economics. IPAZIA 2018. Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00335-7_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00335-7_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-00334-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-00335-7
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)