Abstract
Much attention has been paid in recent years to the use of smart contracts. A smart contract is a transaction protocol that executes the terms of an agreement. Ethereum is a widely used platform for executing smart contracts, defined by using a Turing-complete language. Various studies have been performed in order to analyse smart contract data from different perspectives. In our study we gather a wide range of verified smart contracts written by using the Solidity language and we analyse their code. A similar study is carried out on Solidity compilers. The aim of our investigation is the identification of the smart contract functionalities, i.e. opcodes, that play a crucial role in practice, and single out those functionalities that are not practically relevant.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
- 2.
- 3.
- 4.
- 5.
- 6.
- 7.
- 8.
- 9.
- 10.
- 11.
- 12.
- 13.
- 14.
The address will remain but any interaction with it will only waste gas or ether.
References
Anderson, L., Holz, R., Ponomarev, A., Rimba, P., Weber, I.: New kids on the block: an analysis of modern blockchains (2016)
Atzei, N., Bartoletti, M., Cimoli, T.: A survey of attacks on ethereum smart contracts (SoK). In: Maffei, M., Ryan, M. (eds.) Principles of Security and Trust, pp. 164–186. Springer, Heidelberg (2017)
Bartoletti, M., Pompianu, L.: An empirical analysis of smart contracts: platforms, applications, and design patterns. In: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, March 2017
Bhargavan, K., Delignat-Lavaud, A., Fournet, C., Gollamudi, A., Gonthier, G., Kobeissi, N., Kulatova, N., Rastogi, A., Sibut-Pinote, T., Swamy, N., Zanella-Béguelin, S.: Formal verification of smart contracts: short paper. In: Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Workshop on Programming Languages and Analysis for Security, PLAS 2016, pp. 91–96. ACM, New York (2016)
Bistarelli, S., Mercanti, I., Santini, F.: An analysis of non-standard bitcoin transactions. In: Crypto Valley Conference on Blockchain Technology, CVCBT 2018, Zug, Switzerland, 20–22 June 2018, pp. 93–96. IEEE (2018)
Bistarelli, S., Mercanti, I., Santini, F.: A suite of tools for the forensic analysis of bitcoin transactions: preliminary report. In: Mencagli, G., Heras, D.B., Cardellini, V., Casalicchio, E., Jeannot, E., Wolf, F., Salis, A., Schifanella, C., Manumachu, R.R., Ricci, L., Beccuti, M., Antonelli, L., Sánchez, J.D.G., Scott, S.L. (eds.) Euro-Par 2018: Parallel Processing Workshops - Euro-Par 2018 International Workshops, Turin, Italy, 27–28 August 2018, Revised Selected Papers. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 11339, pp. 329–341. Springer (2018)
Bistarelli, S., Santini, F.: Go with the-bitcoin-flow, with visual analytics. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security, Reggio Calabria, Italy, 29 August–01 September 2017, pp. 38:1–38:6. ACM (2017)
Bocek, T., Stiller, B.: Smart contracts – blockchains in the wings, pp. 169–184. Springer, Heidelberg (2018)
Delmolino, K., Arnett, M., Kosba, A., Miller, A., Shi, E.: Step by step towards creating a safe smart contract: lessons and insights from a cryptocurrency lab. In: Financial Cryptography and Data Security: FC 2016 International Workshops, BITCOIN, VOTING, and WAHC, vol. 9604, pp. 79–94, February 2016
Fenu, G., Marchesi, L., Marchesi, M., Tonelli, R.: The ICO phenomenon and its relationships with ethereum smart contract environment. In: 2018 International Workshop on Blockchain Oriented Software Engineering (IWBOSE), pp. 26–32, March 2018
Kiffer, L., Levin, D., Mislove, A.: Analyzing ethereum’s contract topology. In: Proceedings of the Internet Measurement Conference 2018, IMC 2018, Boston, MA, USA, 31 October–02 November 2018, pp. 494–499. ACM (2018)
Swan, M.: Blockchain. O’Reilly Media, Newton (2015)
Tan, M.: The ethreum block explorer (2018). https://etherscan.io. Accessed 09 Dec 2018
Wood, G.: Ethereum: a secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger (2018). https://ethereum.github.io/yellowpaper/paper.pdf. Accessed 08 Dec 2018
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Bistarelli, S., Mazzante, G., Micheletti, M., Mostarda, L., Tiezzi, F. (2020). Analysis of Ethereum Smart Contracts and Opcodes. In: Barolli, L., Takizawa, M., Xhafa, F., Enokido, T. (eds) Advanced Information Networking and Applications. AINA 2019. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 926. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15032-7_46
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15032-7_46
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-15031-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-15032-7
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)