Abstract
The exploitation of the Earth and the alienation of people from the environment prompts us to take up the subject of sustainable planning and design. While new devices, innovations in construction seem to be more and more doubtful, it is worth reaching back to the times when the first initiatives to protect the natural and cultural landscape were created under the influence of the nascent industrialization and urbanization. It is advisable to analyze what principles were followed and how they affected the environment. The idea of building surrounded by greenery is visible in villages, transforming into summer and winter resorts at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth century in the Karkonosze Mountains.
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Notes
- 1.
Ewa Bińczyk, in her work “Retoryka i marazm antropocenu” [1] analyzed the philosophies, views, debates, campaignes, challenges of the era of climate change.
- 2.
After the First World War his views took on a less progressive, pejorative, racial sound, becoming valuable to the Nazi culture [3, 189].
- 3.
Carl Hauptmann, Gerhart Hauptmann, Wilhelm Bölsche, Bruno Wille, Hans Fechner, Georg Wichmann and others.
- 4.
The nineteenth century began the era of modern sport and modern buildings and sports equipment. “In a very significant way in the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century when the negative conditions of urban existence reach their peak, there is a tendency to more and more common. They are supposed to replace, hastily, in a side and condensed form, those factors that affect a person living outside the city” [2, 32].
- 5.
The end of the nineteenth century brought the birth of modern tourism [5, 38].
- 6.
The elegant resorts in which Berliners were eagerly stayed increased [6, 151].
- 7.
Iwona Bińkowska in her work “Nature and City Public Urban Greenery in Wrocław from the End of the Eighteenth to the Beginning of the Twenties Century” discusses issues related to greenery created in Wrocław. Works on the history of Wrocław architecture (then the provincial capital) may be complementary and comparative material for extra-urban areas lying within the province boundaries. On the other hand, the impact of architecture and Berlin art on the areas of Silesia may speak for the necessity of getting acquainted with the works and models from Berlin (the then capital of the Prussian monarchy) [8, 51].
- 8.
Landscape parks were created from the second half of the eighteenth century in European countries, and from the beginning of the eighteenth century in the British Isles. The beginning of the nineteenth century was a period of formation of the public park model in German countries [8, 27].
- 9.
In the public part of the park in Brühl near Cologne, Lenné already designed the hippodrome shaped Volkstummelplatz in 1842. (The solution was replicated, among others, in Wrocław’s South Park). From the parks in Wroclaw, Szczytnicki Park best met the new needs (places for several gastronomic facilities, horse racing track, courts, bicycle track and bicycle paths) [8, 140].
- 10.
“Like in whole Europe, also in the Jeleniogórska Valley, a new style in shaping gardens, drawing inspiration from following currents of thought (enlightenment and romanticism), was subject to changes in time – first exposing the sentimental wots, then as if simplifying itself in the spirit of classicism, then to put more emphasis on creating dramatic moods and the romantic picturesque nature of the park. Sometimes these trends permeated with each other, creating systems with the dominance of one of them” [9, 45].
- 11.
Schematic city plan from the prospectus “Heilklimatischer Kurort Schreiberhau im Riesengebirge” shows the location of pools: Heinzelbad i Waldschwimbad [12].
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Wojtas-Harań, A. (2020). Landscape-Solutions of Sports and Tourist Complexes in the Karkonosze Mountains - Examples of Sustainable Development. In: Charytonowicz, J., Falcão, C. (eds) Advances in Human Factors in Architecture, Sustainable Urban Planning and Infrastructure. AHFE 2019. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 966. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20151-7_7
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