Abstract
Following the Ukraine crisis, the Nordic Baltic countries adopted new defence strategies, one of which is seeking shelter. This article analyzes the role of the shelter strategy in the current Nordic Baltic security agenda and whether the shelter strategy could catalyze more enhanced regional defence cooperation. The analysis focuses on the political component of the shelter theory to provide a more thorough analysis of Nordic Baltic core strategic security choices and future prospects for enhancing Nordic-Baltic defence and security cooperation at the regional level.
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Notes
- 1.
Major and von Voss (2016).
- 2.
Breitenbauch et al. (2017).
- 3.
Ibid.
- 4.
Larrabee et al. (2015).
- 5.
Government of Denmark, “Foreign and Security Policy Strategy 2017-2018,” 2017, http://um.dk/en/news/newsdisplaypage/?newsid=030b755e-643a-44db-989a-528847f6671b. Accessed 17 January 2019.
- 6.
Danish Ministry of Defense, “New Agreement for Danish Defense,” 2018, http://www.fmn.dk/eng/news/Pages/New-agreement-for-Danish-Defence-2018-2023.aspx. Accessed 21 April 2018.
- 7.
Ibid.
- 8.
Government of Denmark, “Foreign and Security Policy Strategy 2017-2018,” 2018, http://um.dk/en/news/newsdisplaypage/?newsid=030b755e-643a-44db-989a-528847f6671b. Accessed 17 January 2019.
- 9.
Nissen (2017), pp. 139–151.
- 10.
Government Offices of Sweden, “Statement of Government Policy in the Parliamentary Debate on Foreign Affairs 2017,” https://www.government.se/statements/2017/03/statement-of-government-policy-in-the-parliamentary-debate-on-foreign-affairs-2017/. Accessed 3 January 2019.
- 11.
Government Offices of Sweden, “Sweden’s Defence Policy 2016 to 2020,” https://www.government.se/49c007/globalassets/government/dokument/forsvarsdepartementet/sweden_defence_policy_2016_to_2020. Accessed 20 November 2018.
- 12.
R. Steindish, “Fearing Russian Bear, Sweden Inches Toward NATO,” Foreign Policy, May 25, 2016, http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/05/25/fearing-russian-bear-sweden-inches-toward-nato-finland-moscow-military/. Accessed 20 November 2018.
- 13.
Friis and Bredesen (2017).
- 14.
Government Offices of Sweden, “Minister of Defence Peter Hultqvist signed US-Swedish Statement of Intent,” https://www.government.se/articles/2016/06/minister-of-defence-peter-hultqvist-signed/. Accessed 22 April 2018.
- 15.
Friis and Bredesen (2017).
- 16.
Hakon (2018), p. 102.
- 17.
Ibid.
- 18.
Ibid.
- 19.
NATO, “Boosting NATO’s presence in the east and southeast,” https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_136388.htm?selectedLocale=en. Accessed 22 April 2018.
- 20.
Ibid.
- 21.
Hakon (2018), p. 103.
- 22.
Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2017).
- 23.
Government of Finland (2017).
- 24.
Ministry of Defense of Finland, “Ministry of Defense of Finland,” 2016, http://www.defmin.fi/files/3543/Statement_of_Intent.pdf. Accessed 23 April 2018.
- 25.
Government Communications Department, “The President of the Republic of Finland,” 2014, http://www.tpk.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=311365&nodeid=44807&contentlan=2&culture=en-US. Accessed 26 April 2018.
- 26.
Mission of Norway to the EU, “Trident Juncture 2018: Defending the Nordic neighbourhood,” https://www.norway.no/en/missions/eu/about-the-mission/news-events-statements/news2/trident-juncture-2018-defending-the-nordic-neighbourhood/. Accessed 23 January 2019.
- 27.
Dahl (2018), p. 130.
- 28.
“46% of Finns approve of close defence co-operation with Nato, finds poll,” Helsinki Times, March 6, 2018, http://www.helsinkitimes.fi/finland/finland-news/domestic/15376-46-of-finns-approve-of-close-defence-co-operation-with-nato-finds-poll.html. Accessed 13 January 2019.
- 29.
Charlie Duxbury, “Under threat, Sweden rediscovers its Viking spirit,” Politico, January 30, 2018, https://www.politico.eu/article/under-threat-sweden-rediscovers-its-viking-spirit-nato-russia/. Accessed 5 October 2019.
- 30.
Government of Finland (2017).
- 31.
Government Offices of Iceland, “Parliamentary Resolution on a National Security Policy of Iceland,” 2016, https://www.government.is/library/01-Ministries/Prime-Ministers-Office/Parl-Res-Nat-Sec-Council-25-145-2016-tr-br-prot-SKIL-310817-.pdf. Accessed 20 November 2018.
- 32.
Ingimundarson (2007), pp. 7–23.
- 33.
US Department of Defense (2016).
- 34.
Ingimundarson (2007).
- 35.
Government Offices of Iceland, 2016. Parliamentary Resolution on a National Security Policy of Iceland. Available at: https://www.government.is/library/01-Ministries/Prime-Ministrers-Office/Parl-Res-Nat-Sec-Council-25-145-2016-tr-br-prot-SKIL-310817-.pdf. Accessed 20 November 2018.
- 36.
Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania (2017).
- 37.
Ibid.
- 38.
The Military Strategy of the Republic of Lithuania, APPROVED by the order No. V-252 of the Minister of National Defence of the Republic of Lithuania, 17 March 2016.
- 39.
“Lithuania signs agreement with US on troop deployment,” Military Times, January 17, 2017, Available at: https://www.militarytimes.com/news/pentagon-congress/2017/01/17/lithuania-signs-agreement-with-u-s-on-troop-deployment/. Accessed 20 November 2018.
- 40.
Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania (2017).
- 41.
Defense News, “Lithuania, Latvia Sign Deal To Synchronize Defense Procurements,” Defense News, September 9, 2016, https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2016/09/19/lithuania-latvia-sign-deal-to-synchronize-defense-procurements/. Accessed 20 November 2018.
- 42.
The Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Latvia, “The National Defence Concept,” Approved by the Cabinet of Ministers 24 May 2016.
- 43.
Ibid.
- 44.
Ibid.
- 45.
Ibid.
- 46.
Ibid.
- 47.
Estonian Ministry of Defence, “National defence development plan 2017–2026,” 2017, http://www.kaitseministeerium.ee/riigikaitse2026/arengukava/eng/. Accessed 20 November 2018.
- 48.
Ibid.
- 49.
The Parliament of the Republic of Estonia, “National Security Concept of Estonia,” 2010, http://www.kaitseministeerium.ee/sites/default/files/elfinder/article_files/national_security_concept_of_estonia.pdf. Accessed 20 November 2018.
- 50.
Michael Howard, “Reassurance and Deterrence: Western Defense in the 1980s,” Foreign Affairs (Winter 1982/82), https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/1982-12-01/reassurance-and-deterrence-western-defense-1980s. Accessed 22 January 2019.
- 51.
NATO Public Diplomacy Division, “Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2011-2018),” https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2018_07/20180709_180710-pr2018-91-en.pdf. Accessed February 1, 2019.
- 52.
Nissen (2017).
- 53.
“Nordic nations agree on defense cooperation against Russia,” Reuters, April 10, 2015, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nordics-russia-defence-idUSKBN0N02E820150409. Accessed October 14, 2019.
- 54.
“U.S. Supports Drive for Nordic Defense Cooperation,” Defense News, May 18, 2015, https://www.defensenews.com/pentagon/2016/05/18/us-supports-drive-for-nordic-defense-cooperation/. Accessed 13 January 2019.
- 55.
“U.S.-Nordic Leaders’ Summit Joint Statement,” 2016, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/05/13/us-nordic-leaders-summit-joint-statement. Accessed 1 February 2019.
- 56.
Summary of the National Defense Strategy of the United States of America, 2018, https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf. Accessed 1 February 2019.
- 57.
“The Nordic Countries and U.S. Relations,” Congressional Research Service, September 13, 2018, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IF10740.pdf. Accessed 13 January 2018.
- 58.
Otzulis and Ozolina (2017), pp. 77–97.
- 59.
Breedlove (2018).
- 60.
M. Nordenman, “Maritime Defense for the Baltic States,” 2018, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/images/Baltic_States_Maritime_Defence_WEB.pdf. Accessed 17 February 2019.
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Vaicekauskaitė, Ž.M. (2021). Security in the Nordic Baltic Region and Russia: Towards Enhanced Regional Defence Cooperation?. In: Brady, AM., Thorhallsson, B. (eds) Small States and the New Security Environment. The World of Small States, vol 7. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51529-4_9
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