Skip to main content

Co-production from a Third-Sector Perspective

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Palgrave Handbook of Co-Production of Public Services and Outcomes

Abstract

Despite co-production theory’s versatility in explaining collective forms of public service delivery, it does not receive much attention in third-sector theory or research. This chapter introduces the reader to major theories of third-sector behaviour, focusing on those with the most interest in joint nonprofit-government action. The chapter argues that co-production may help to close a gap in third-sector theory development, which has been criticised for too much emphasis on demand-side considerations and on a residual view of nonprofit behaviour vis-à-vis the state, market and community. Co-production, by contrast, takes a supply-side view and speaks to the contemporary, systems-oriented view of service delivery across the sectors. However, when co-productive activity is carried out by organised, nonprofit action, problems of public accountability must be addressed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alessandrini, M. (2002). Is civil society an adequate theory? Third Sector Review, 8(2), 105–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alford, J. (2009). Engaging public sector clients: From service-delivery to co-production. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Alford, J. (2014). The multiple facets of co-production: Building on the work of Elinor Ostrom. Public Management Review, 16(3), 299–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bingham, L.B. (2009). Collaborative governance: Emerging practices and the incomplete legal framework for public and stakeholder voice. Journal of Dispute Resolution, 2, 269–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bovaird, T. (2007). Beyond engagement and participation: User and community co-production of public services. Public Administration Review, 67(5), 846–860.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bovaird, T., & Loeffler, E. (2012). From engagement to co-production: The contribution of users and communities to outcomes and public value. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 23(4), 1119–1138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bovaird, T., & Loeffler, E. (2013). The role of co-production for better health and wellbeing: Why we need to change. In E. Loeffler, G. Power, T. Bovaird, & F. Hine-Hughes (Eds.), Co-production of health and wellbeing in Scotland (pp. 20–28). Birmingham, UK: Governance International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bovaird, T., Flemig, S., Loeffler, E., & Osborne, S.P. (2017). Debate: Co-production of public services and outcomes. Public Money & Management, 37(5), 363–364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brandsen, T., & Honingh, M. (2016). Distinguishing different types of co-production: A conceptual analysis based on the classical definitions. Public Administration Review, 76(3), 427–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brandsen, T., & Pestoff, V. (2006). Co-production, the third sector and the delivery of public services: An introduction. Public Management Review, 8(4), 493–501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brandsen, T., Van de Donk, W., & Putters, K. (2005). Griffins or chameleons? Hybridity as a permanent and inevitable characteristic of the third sector. International Journal of Public Administration, 28(9–10), 749–765.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brandsen, T., Pestoff, V., & Verschuere, B. (2012). Co-production as a maturing concept. In Pestoff, V., Brandsen, T., & Verschuere, B.  (Eds) (2013). New public governance, the third sector, and co-production (pp. 19–28). New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brewer, R., & Grabosky, P. (2014). The unraveling of public security in the United States: The dark side of police-community co-production. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 39(1), 139–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brudney, J.L. (2019). Rethinking co-production: Amplifying involvement and effectiveness. Journal of Chinese Governance, 5(1), 8–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brudney, J.L., & England, R.E. (1983). Toward a definition of the co-production concept. Public Administration Review, 43(1), 59–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cahn, E.S., & Gray, C. (2012). Co-production from a normative perspective. In V. Pestoff, T. Brandsen, & B. Verschuere (Eds.), New public governance, the third sector, and co-production (pp. 147–162). New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corry, O. (2010). Defining and theorizing the third sector. In R. Taylor (Ed.), Third sector research (pp. 11–20). New York, NY: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Downs, A. (1957). An economic theory of democracy. New York: Harper Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Etzioni, A. (1973). The third sector and domestic missions. Public Administration Review, 33(4), 314–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garn, H., Flax, M., Springer, M., & Taylor, J. (1976). Models for indicator development: A framework for policy analysis. Urban Institute Paper 1206–17. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gazley, B., & Cheng, Y.D. (2019). Integrating coproduction theory into voluntary sector theories: Approaches and implications for Chinese governance. Journal of Chinese Governance, 5(1), 28–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansmann, H.B. (1980). The role of nonprofit enterprise. The Yale Law Journal, 89(5), 835–901.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jetté, C., & Vaillancourt, Y. (2011). Social economy and home care services in Quebec: Co-production or co-construction? Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 22(1), 48–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joshi, A., & Moore, M. (2004). Institutionalised co-production: Unorthodox public service delivery in challenging environments. Journal of Development Studies, 40(4), 31–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiser, L.L., & Percy, S.L. (1980). The concept of co-production and its implications for public service delivery. In Annual Meetings of the American Society for Public Administration at https://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/1466/lkiser01.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.

  • Knutsen, W.L., & Brock, K.L. (2014). Introductory essay: From a closed system to an open system: A parallel critical review of the intellectual trajectories of publicness and nonprofitness. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 25(5), 1113–1131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, C.H., & Fisher, G. (1984). Citizenship and public service: The promise of co-production. Public Administration Review, 44(Special Issue), 178–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lohmann, R.A. (1992). The commons: New perspectives on nonprofit organizations and voluntary action. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meijer, A.J. (2011). Networked coproduction of public services in virtual communities: From a government‐centric to a community approach to public service support. Public Administration Review, 71(4), 598–607.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, A.A., & Gazley, B. (2014). The rise of school-supporting nonprofits. Education Finance and Policy, 9(4), 541–566.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ostrom, E. (1996). Crossing the great divide: Co-production, synergy, and development. World Development, 24(6), 1073–1087.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ostrom, E. (2010). Beyond markets and states: Polycentric governance of complex economic systems. American Economic Review, 100(3), 641–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paarlberg, L.E., & Gen, S. (2009). Exploring the determinants of nonprofit co-production of public service delivery: The case of K-12 public education. The American Review of Public Administration, 39(4), 391–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parks, R.B., Baker, P.C., Kiser, L., Oakerson, R., Ostrom, E., Ostrom, V., Percy, S.L., Vandivort, M.B., Whitaker, G.P., & Wilson, R. (1981). Consumers as co-producers of public services: Some economic and institutional considerations. Policy Studies Journal, 9(7), 1001–1011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pestoff, V., Brandsen, T., & Verschuere, B. (Eds.) (2012). New public governance, the third sector, and co-production. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reagan, R. (1981, January 20). First presidential inaugural address. https://www.reaganfoundation.org/media/128614/inaguration.pdf.

  • Salamon, L.M. (1987). Of market failure, voluntary failure, and third-party government: Toward a theory of government-nonprofit relations in the modern welfare state. Journal of Voluntary Action Research, 16(1–2), 29-49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salamon, L.M., & Anheier, H.K. (1992). In search of the non-profit sector. I: The question of definitions. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 3(2), 125–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salamon, L.M., & Anheier, H.K. (1998). Social origins of civil society: Explaining the nonprofit sector cross-nationally. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 9(3), 213–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schatteman, A., & Bingle, B. (2015). Philanthropy supporting government: An analysis of local library funding. Journal of Public and Nonprofit Affairs, 1(2), 74–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, R. (2006). Economic theories of nonprofit organizations. In W.W. Powell & R. Steinberg (Eds.), The nonprofit sector: A research handbook (pp. 117–139). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suslova, S. (2018). The determinants of collective co-production: The case of secondary schools in Russia. International Journal of Public Administration, 41(5–6), 401–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United States Government Accountability Office. (2015, September). GAO 15–565: American Red Cross—Disaster assistance would benefit from oversight through regular federal evaluation. https://www.gao.gov/assets/680/672351.pdf.

  • Van Til, J. (2000). Growing civil society: From nonprofit organization to third space. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisbrod, B.A. (1975). Toward a theory of the voluntary non-profit sector in a three-sector economy. In E. Phelps (Ed.), Altruism, morality, and economic theory (pp. 171–195). New York: Russell Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, B.N., Kang, S.C., & Johnson, J. (2016). (Co)-Contamination as the dark side of co-production: Public value failures in co-production processes. Public Management Review, 18(5), 692–717.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young, D.R. (2000). Alternative models of government-nonprofit sector relations: Theoretical and international perspectives. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 29(1), 149–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Beth Gazley .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Gazley, B. (2021). Co-production from a Third-Sector Perspective. In: Loeffler, E., Bovaird, T. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Co-Production of Public Services and Outcomes. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53705-0_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics