Abstract
The reactive power controls proposed in the literature can be categorised into three types: centralised, distributed, and local control. The classification of decentralised control in [1], defined as “intermediate state between centralised and distributed control” shall be classified as distributed control for the remainder of this work as both distributed and decentralised controls in [1] require some forms of communication. It is also noted that there are other definitions of distributed and decentralised which assume no communication [2], but those controls are defined as local in this work.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
\(V_{x}\) is the voltage at the node where the xth PV is located. Perhaps the notation \(V_{i_{x}}\) is more suitable, but \(V_{x}\) has been adopted for simplicity.
- 2.
\(P_{i}^{\text {PV}}\) and \(P_{j}^{\text {PV}}\) are different from \(P_{x}^{\text {PV}}\), in the sense that the former two quantities are concerned with the PV generation at some particular nodes i and j (which may or may not have PV), whereas the latter is concerned with the generation of the xth PV. Similar notations are also used for \(Q^{\text {PV}}\). As is the case throughout the thesis, i and j are indices reserved for nodes in a system, whereas x is the index for PV and other DERs.
- 3.
MASDS even performed better than LOGO at certain periods in 69-bus system, as shown in Fig. 5.14a.
- 4.
It might be counterintuitive for a constant PF control to have any oscillation since the PV reactive power outputs are supposed to be constant with constant irradiance. The oscillations result from the constant shift in the sign of (\(\left| V_{x,t}^{\text {meas}}\right| -V_{\text {ref}}\)), which also changes the sign of \(Q_{x,t}^{\text {PV}}\).
References
Antoniadou-Plytaria KE, Kouveliotis-Lysikatos IN, Georgilakis PS, Hatziargyriou ND (2017) Distributed and decentralized voltage control of smart distribution networks : models, methods, and future research. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 8(6):2999–3008. ISSN: 1949-3053. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2017.2679238
Jahangiri P, Aliprantis DC (2013) Distributed volt/var control by pv inverters. IEEE Trans Power Syst 28(3):3429–3439. ISSN: 08858950. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2013.2256375
Gandhi O, Rodríguez-Gallegos CD, Zhang W, Srinivasan D, Reindl T (2018) Economic and technical analysis of reactive power provision from distributed energy resources in microgrids, Appl Energy 210:827–841. ISSN: 03062619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.08.154
Gandhi O, Zhang W, Rodríguez-Gallegos CD, Srinivasan D, Reindl T (2016) Continuous optimization of reactive power from pv and ev in distribution system. In: 2016 IEEE innovative smart grid technologies—Asia (ISGT-Asia). IEEE, Melbourne, November 2016, pp 281–287. ISBN: 978-1-5090-4303-3. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT-Asia.2016.7796399
Gandhi O, Srinivasan D, Rodríguez-Gallegos CD, Reindl T (2017) Competitiveness of reactive power compensation using pv inverter in distribution system. In: 2017 IEEE PES innovative smart grid technologies conference Europe (ISGT-Europe), Torino. IEEE, Italy, September 2017, pp 1–6. ISBN: 978-1- 5386-1953-7. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEurope.2017.8260238
Gandhi O, Zhang W, Rodríguez-Gallegos CD, Bieri M, Reindl T, Srinivasan D (2018) Analytical approach to reactive power dispatch and energy arbitrage in distribution systems with ders. In: IEEE Trans Power Syst 178 Bibliography 33(6):6522–6533. ISSN: 0885-8950. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2018.2829527
Gandhi O, Rodríguez-Gallegos CD, Gorla NBY, Bieri M, Reindl T, Srinivasan D (2019) Reactive power cost from pv inverters considering inverter lifetime assessment. IEEE Trans Sustain Energy 10(2):738–747. ISSN: 1949-3029. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2018.2846544
Gandhi O, Rodríguez-Gallegos CD, Reindl T, Srinivasan D (2018) Competitiveness of pv inverter as a reactive power compensator considering inverter lifetime reduction. Energy Proc 150:74–82. ISSN: 18766102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.09.005
Ziadi Z, Taira S, Oshiro M, Funabashi T (2014) Optimal power scheduling for smart grids considering controllable loads and high penetration of photovoltaic generation. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 5(5):2350–2359. ISSN: 19493053. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2014.2323969
Ziadi Z, Taira S, Oshiro M, Funabashi T (2014) Optimal power scheduling for smart grids considering controllable loads and high penetration of photovoltaic generation. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 5(5):2350–2359. ISSN: 19493053. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2014.2323969
Zare M, Niknam T, Azizipanah-Abarghooee R, Amiri B (2014) Multi-objective probabilistic reactive power and voltage control with wind site correlations. Energy 66:810–822. ISSN: 03605442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy2014.01.034
Rahbar K, Xu J, Zhang R (2015) Real-time energy storage management for renewable integration in microgrid: an off-line optimization approach. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 6(1):124–134. ISSN: 1949-3053. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2014.2359004
Wang R, Wang P, Xiao G (2015) A robust optimization approach for energy generation scheduling in microgrids. Energy Convers Manag 106:597–607. ISSN: 01968904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.09.066
Elsied M, Oukaour A, Gualous H, Hassan R Energy management and optimization in microgrid system based on green energy. Energy 84:139–151 (2015). ISSN: 03605442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.02.108
Yang HT, Liao JT (2015) MF-apso-based multiobjective optimization for pv system reactive power regulation. IEEE Trans Sustain Energy 6(4):1346–1355. ISSN: 19493029. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.20152433957
Yang Y, Wu W (2018) A distributionally robust optimization model for realtime power dispatch in distribution networks. IEEE Trans Smart Grid. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2018.2834564
Ahn C, Peng H (2013) Decentralized voltage control to minimize distribution power loss of microgrids. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 4(3):1297–1304. ISSN: 1949-3053. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2013.2248174
Zhang W, Liu W, Wang X, Liu L, Ferrese F (2014) Distributed multiple agent system based online optimal reactive power control for smart grids. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 5(5):2421–2431. ISSN: 19493053. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2014.2327478
Dall’Anese E, Dhople SV, Giannakis GB (2016) Photovoltaic inverter controllers seeking AC optimal power flow solutions. IEEE Trans Power Syst 31(4):2809–2823. ISSN: 08858950. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2015.2454856, arXiv: 1501.0188
Bolognani S, Carli R, Cavraro G, Zampieri S (2015) Distributed reactive power feedback control for voltage regulation and loss minimization. IEEE Trans Autom Control 60(4):966–981. ISSN: 00189286. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.2014.2363931, arXiv: 1303.7173
Arnold DB, Negrete-Pincetic M, Sankur MD, Auslander DM, Callaway DS (2016) Model-free optimal control of var resources in distribution systems: an extremum seeking approach. IEEE Trans Power Syst 31(5):3583–3593. ISSN: 08858950. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2015.2502554
Zhang W, Gandhi O, Quan H, Rodríguez-Gallegos CD, Srinivasan D (2018) A multi-agent based integrated volt-var optimization engine for fast vehicle-togrid reactive power dispatch and electric vehicle coordination. Appl Energy 229:96–110. ISSN: 03062619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.07.092
Erseghe T (2014) Distributed optimal power flow using ADMM. IEEE Trans Power Syst 29(5):2370–2380. ISSN: 08858950. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2306495
Zheng W, Wu W, Zhang B, Sun H, Liu Y (2016) A fully distributed reactive power optimization and control method for active distribution networks. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 7(2):1021–1033. ISSN: 19493053. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2015.2396493
Šulc P, Backhaus S, Chertkov M (2014) Optimal distributed control of reactive power via the alternating direction method of multipliers. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 29(4):968–977. ISSN: 08858969. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEC.2014.2363196, arXiv: 1310.5748
Baker K, Bernstein A, Dall’Anese E, Zhao C (2018) Network-cognizant voltage droop control for distribution grids. IEEE Trans Power Syst 33(2):2098–2108. ISSN: 0885-8950. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS2017.2735379, arXiv: 1702.02969
Weckx S, Driesen J (2016) Optimal local reactive power control by pv inverters. IEEE Trans Sustain Energy 7(4):1624–1633. ISSN: 19493029. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2016.2572162
Zhu H, Liu HJ (2016) Fast local voltage control under limited reactive power: optimality and stability analysis. IEEE Trans Power Syst 31(5):3794–3803
Liu HJ, Shi W, Zhu H (2018) Hybrid voltage control in distribution networks under limited communication rates. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 1. ISSN: 1949-3053. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2018.2797692
Sondermeijer O, Dobbe R, Arnold D, Tomlin C (2019) Regression-based inverter control for decentralized optimal power flow and voltage regulation. arXiv:1902.08594v1
Dobbe R, Sondermeijer O, Fridovich-keil D, Arnold D, Callaway D, Tomlin C (2018) Data-driven decentralized optimal power flow 1–10. arXiv:1806.06790v1
Bellizio F, Karagiannopoulos S, Aristidou P, Hug G (2018) Optimized local control for active distribution grids using machine learning techniques. In: IEEE power & energy society general meeting, Portland, Oregon. IEEE, USA. ISBN: 9781538677032
Gandhi O, Rodriguez-Gallegos CD, Reindl T, Srinivasan D (2018) Locally determined voltage droop control for distribution systems. In: 2018 IEEE innovative smart grid technologies - Asia (ISGT Asia). IEEE, Singapore, pp 425–429. ISBN: 978-1-5386-4291-7. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT-Asia.20188467784
Gandhi O, Zhang W, Rodríguez-Gallegos CD, Verbois H, Sun H, Reindl T, Srinivasan D (2020) Local reactive power dispatch optimisation minimising global objectives. Appl Energy 262. ISSN: 03062619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114529
Savier JS, Das D (2007) Impact of network reconfiguration on loss allocation of radial distribution systems. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 22(4):2473–2480. ISSN: 08858977. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2007.905370
Zhang D, Fu Z, Zhang L (2007) An improved TS algorithm for loss-minimum reconfiguration in large-scale distribution systems. Electr Power Syst Res 77(5–6):685–694. ISSN: 03787796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2006.06.005
Eminoglu U, Hocaoglu MH (2009) Distribution systems forward/backward sweep-based power flow algorithms: a review and comparison study. Electr Power Compon Syst 37(1):91–110. ISSN: 15325008. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325000802322046
Baran ME, Wu FF (1989) Network reconfiguration in distribution systems for loss reduction and load balancing. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 4(2):1401–1407. ISSN: 0885-8977. https://doi.org/10.1109/61.25627
Farivar M, Zhou X, Chen L (2015) Local voltage control in distribution systems: an incremental control algorithm. In: 2015 IEEE international conference on smart grid communications (SmartGridComm), pp 732–737
Li N, Qu G, Dahleh M (2014) Real-time decentralized voltage control in distribution networks. In: Fifty-second annual allerton conference, pp 582–588
Kersting WH (2001) Radial distribution test feeders. In: Proceedings of the IEEE power engineering society transmission and distribution conference, winter meeting, vol 2, pp 908–912. ISSN: 21608563. https://doi.org/10.1109/PESW.2001.916993
Energy Market Authority (2018) Singapore half-hourly system demand data. https://www.ema.gov.sg/statistic.aspx?sta
EMC (2018) Energy market price information. https://www.emcsg.com/marketdata/priceinformation. Accessed 04 Jan 2018
Use of system charges (2016). https://www.mypower.com.sg/documents/ts-usc.pdf. Accessed 04 Jan 2018
Dong Z, Zhao L, Yang D, Reindl T (2017) Combine deep neural network and tree based machine learning models using stacked generalization to forecast hourly solar irradiance in tropical regions. In: 33rd European photovoltaic solar energy conference and exhibition, pp 2075–2078
Verbois H, Rusydi A, Thiery A (2018) Probabilistic forecasting of day-ahead solar irradiance using quantile gradient boosting. Sol Energy 173:313–327. ISSN: 0038-092X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.201807.071
Ineichen P, Perez R (2002) A new airmass independent formulation for the Linke turbidity coefficient. Sol Energy 73(3):151–157
Elkhatib ME, Shatshat RE, Salama MM (2012) Decentralized reactive power control for advanced distribution automation systems. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 3(3):1482–1490. ISSN: 19493053. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2012.2197833
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gandhi, O. (2021). Reactive Power Dispatch for Large Number of PV Installations. In: Reactive Power Support Using Photovoltaic Systems. Springer Theses. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61251-1_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61251-1_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-61250-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-61251-1
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)