Abstract
Reliable detection and quantification of antigen-specific T cells are critical for assessing the immunogenicity of vaccine candidates. In this chapter, we describe the use of ELISpot and flow cytometry-based assays for efficient detection, mapping, and functional characterization of memory T lymphocytes in different tissues of rhesus macaques immunized with plasmid DNA. Flow cytometric assays provide a large amount of information, both phenotypic and functional, about individual cells, while the ELISpot is well suited for high throughput sample screening.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Felber BK, Valentin A, Rosati M et al (2014) HIV DNA vaccine: stepwise improvements make a difference. Vaccines (Basel) 2:354–379
Hutnick NA, Myles DJ, Bian CB et al (2011) Selected approaches for increasing HIV DNA vaccine immunogenicity in vivo. Curr Opin Virol 1:233–240
Iyer SS, Amara RR (2014) DNA/MVA vaccines for HIV/AIDS. Vaccines (Basel) 2:160–178
Chen Y, Wang S, Lu S (2014) DNA immunization for HIV vaccine development. Vaccines (Basel) 2:138–159
Rosati M, Bergamaschi C, Valentin A et al (2009) DNA vaccination in rhesus macaques induces potent immune responses and decreases acute and chronic viremia after SIVmac251 challenge. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:15831–15836
Hu X, Valentin A, Dayton F et al (2016) DNA prime-boost vaccine regimen to increase breadth, magnitude, and cytotoxicity of the cellular immune responses to subdominant gag epitopes of simian immunodeficiency virus and HIV. J Immunol 197:3999–4013
Patel V, Valentin A, Kulkarni V et al (2010) Long-lasting humoral and cellular immune responses and mucosal dissemination after intramuscular DNA immunization. Vaccine 28:4827–4836
Hu X, Valentin A, Rosati M et al (2017) HIV Env conserved element DNA vaccine alters immunodominance in macaques. Hum Vaccin Immunother 13:2859–2871
Hu X, Valentin A, Cai Y et al (2018) DNA vaccine-induced long-lasting cytotoxic T cells targeting conserved elements of human immunodeficiency virus Gag are boosted upon DNA or recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara vaccination. Hum Gene Ther 29:1029–1043
Valentin A, McKinnon K, Li J et al (2014) Comparative analysis of SIV-specific cellular immune responses induced by different vaccine platforms in rhesus macaques. Clin Immunol 155:91–107
von Gegerfelt AS, Rosati M, Alicea C et al (2007) Long-lasting decrease in viremia in macaques chronically infected with simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac251 after therapeutic DNA immunization. J Virol 81:1972–1979
Patel V, Jalah R, Kulkarni V et al (2013) DNA and virus particle vaccination protects against acquisition and confers control of viremia upon heterologous simian immunodeficiency virus challenge. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:2975–2980
Czerkinsky CC, Nilsson LA, Nygren H et al (1983) A solid-phase enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay for enumeration of specific antibody-secreting cells. J Immunol Methods 65:109–121
Autran B, Letvin NL (1991) HIV epitopes recognized by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. AIDS 5(Suppl 2):S145–S150
Barouch DH, Santra S, Tenner-Racz K et al (2002) Potent CD4+ T cell responses elicited by a bicistronic HIV-1 DNA vaccine expressing gp120 and GM-CSF. J Immunol 168:562–568
Mascola JR, Lewis MG, VanCott TC et al (2003) Cellular immunity elicited by human immunodeficiency virus type 1/simian immunodeficiency virus DNA vaccination does not augment the sterile protection afforded by passive infusion of neutralizing antibodies. J Virol 77:10348–10356
Fulwyler MJ (1965) Electronic separation of biological cells by volume. Science 150:910–911
Jung T, Schauer U, Heusser C et al (1993) Detection of intracellular cytokines by flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 159:197–207
Herzenberg LA, Parks D, Sahaf B et al (2002) The history and future of the fluorescence activated cell sorter and flow cytometry: a view from Stanford. Clin Chem 48:1819–1827
Roederer M, Brenchley JM, Betts MR et al (2004) Flow cytometric analysis of vaccine responses: how many colors are enough? Clin Immunol 110:199–205
Gauduin MC (2006) Cytokine staining for the characterization and quantitation of antigen-specific T lymphocyte responses. Methods 38:263–273
Tung JW, Heydari K, Tirouvanziam R et al (2007) Modern flow cytometry: a practical approach. Clin Lab Med 27:453–468
De Rosa SC, Lu FX, Yu J et al (2004) Vaccination in humans generates broad T cell cytokine responses. J Immunol 173:5372–5380
Makedonas G, Betts MR (2006) Polyfunctional analysis of human t cell responses: importance in vaccine immunogenicity and natural infection. Springer Semin Immunopathol 28:209–219
Almeida JR, Sauce D, Price DA et al (2009) Antigen sensitivity is a major determinant of CD8+ T-cell polyfunctionality and HIV-suppressive activity. Blood 113:6351–6360
Demberg T, Mohanram V, Venzon D et al (2014) Phenotypes and distribution of mucosal memory B-cell populations in the SIV/SHIV rhesus macaque model. Clin Immunol 153:264–276
Demberg T, Robert-Guroff M (2015) B-cells and the use of non-human primates for evaluation of HIV vaccine candidates. Curr HIV Res 13:462–478
Mohanram V, Demberg T, Tuero I et al (2014) Improved flow-based method for HIV/SIV envelope-specific memory B-cell evaluation in rhesus macaques. J Immunol Methods 412:78–84
Altman JD, Moss PA, Goulder PJ et al (1996) Phenotypic analysis of antigen-specific T lymphocytes. Science 274:94–96
Melenhorst JJ, Scheinberg P, Chattopadhyay PK et al (2008) Detection of low avidity CD8(+) T cell populations with coreceptor-enhanced peptide-major histocompatibility complex class I tetramers. J Immunol Methods 338:31–39
Kulkarni V, Valentin A, Rosati M et al (2014) Altered response hierarchy and increased T-cell breadth upon HIV-1 conserved element DNA vaccination in macaques. PLoS One 9:e86254
Acknowledgement
This work was funded by the Intramural Research Program of the National Cancer Institute to B.K.F.. The contents of this chapter does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of Health and Human Services, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the US government. We thank T. Jones for editorial assistance.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Hu, X., Felber, B.K., Valentin, A. (2021). Assessing Antigen-Specific Cellular Immune Responses upon HIV /SIV Plasmid DNA Vaccination in the Nonhuman Primate Model. In: Sousa, Â. (eds) DNA Vaccines. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2197. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0872-2_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0872-2_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-0871-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-0872-2
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols