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Image Forensics

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Computer Vision

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Synonyms

Digital forensics; Image authentication

Related Concepts

Definition

Image forensics refers to the analysis of an image to determine if it has been manipulated from the time of its recording. The techniques described here – so called passive techniques – operate in the absence of digital watermarks, signatures, or specialized hardware. Instead, these techniques analyze physical, geometric, optical, sensor, and file properties for inconsistencies that may arise from image manipulation.

Background

History has shown that many autocratic leaders had photographs manipulated in an attempt to rewrite history. These men understood the power of photography and that if they changed photographs they could change history. Cumbersome and time-consuming darkroom techniques were required to alter the historical record on behalf of Stalin and others. Today, powerful and low-cost digital technology coupled with sophisticated rendering and synthesis...

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The metadata for a digital image contains data about the camera make and model, the camera settings (e.g., exposure time and focal length), the date and time of image capture, the GPS location of image capture, and much more. The metadata is stored along with the image data in the image file, and it is readily extracted with various programs.

  2. 2.

    Ignoring overlapping regions and the edges of the image, there are 1, 000, 000 choose 2, equal to (1, 000, 000 × 999, 998)∕2 = 500, 000, 000, 000 possible pairings of pixels, each of which may be the center of a pair of cloned regions.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA

    Hany Farid

Authors
  1. Hany Farid
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hany Farid .

Section Editor information

  1. University of Maryland, College Park, USA

    Rama Chellappa

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Farid, H. (2020). Image Forensics. In: Computer Vision. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03243-2_877-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03243-2_877-1

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-03243-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-03243-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Computer SciencesReference Module Computer Science and Engineering

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