Skip to main content

Corrections and Uncertainties

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Wind Energy Aerodynamics

Introduction

In the aerodynamic wind energy society, (Schaffarczyk 2014a, b) there are very little public measurement data bases available. The few available databases are used extensively for validation purposes. Modelers tend to draw firm conclusions from a good (or poor) agreement. But how sure can we that these experiments give us the “truth”? This subsection aims to convince modelers of being more critical on the quality of measurements. It will describe the uncertainties which should be considered and the corrections needed. This section focuses on 3D rotating wind tunnel measurements on wind turbines. Several of the aspects may be applicable to 2D wind tunnel measurements and to 3D field measurements as well.

Measurements in General

It is well-known that measurement is not simply collecting data. A lot of textbooks (especially in physics) exist and describe in much detail what preparation must be taken into account. Here we only mention (Coleman and Steele 2007) as an example...

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    In the following, we will use these three terms synonymously.

References

  • Barlow JB, Rae Jr WH, Pope A (1999) Low-speed wind tunnel testing (3rd edn). Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergmann A (2012) The aeroacoustic wind tunnel DNW-NWB. AIAA 2012-2173:1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Boorsma K, Schepers JG (2009) Description of experimental set-up. Mexico measurements. ECN-X-09-021, Energy Research Center of the Netherlands, ECN, Mar 2009

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciobaca V, Melber-Winklending S, Wichmann G, Bergmann A, Küpper A (2012) Experimental and numerical studies of the low speed wind tunnel DNW-NWB’s open test section towards an aeroacustic faciilty. In: 18th AIAA/CEAS aeroacoustistics conference, volume 2012–2174, Colorado Springs, June

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman HW, Steele WG (2007) Experimentation, validation, and uncertainty analysis for engineers (3rd edn). Wiley, Hoboken

    Google Scholar 

  • Fluid Dynamics Panel Working Group 15 (1999) Quality assessment for wind tunnel testing. Technical Report AGARD-AR-304, Advisory Group for Aerospace Research & Development, July

    Google Scholar 

  • Glauert H (1933) Wind tunnel interference on wings, bodies and airscrews. Technical Report 1566, T. 3434, Aeronautical Research Commitee, Reports and Memoranda, Air Ministry

    Google Scholar 

  • Glauert H (ed) (1947) The elements of aeofoil and airscrew theory. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, reprinted 1993

    Google Scholar 

  • Herzog R, Schaffarczyk SAP, Wacinski A, Zürcher O (2010) Performance and stability of a counter-rotating windmill using a planetary gearing: measurement and simulation. In: Proceedings of EWEC 2010, Warzaw

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuehn T, Altmikus A, Balaresque N, Lippert M, Fassbender A (2015) Numerical replication and improvement of wind tunnel tests for design and off-design operating points of wind turbine airfoils. In: AIAA applied aerodynamics conference, number 2015-2577, Dallas

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahmoodi E, Schaffarczyk AP (2014) Actuator disc modelling of the mexico rotor. In: Hoelling A, Peinke J, Ivanell S (eds) Wind energy – impact of turbulece, number 2, pp 29–34, Oldenburg

    Google Scholar 

  • Melber-Wilkending S (2014) Numerische Untersuchung aerodynamischer Effekte im Fügelrumpfübergang einer Hochauftriebskonfiguration (Numerical Investigation of aerodynamic Effects in the Wind-Body Junction of a Transport Aircraft, in German. Ph.D. thesis, Technical University Carolo-Wilhelmina of Braunschweig

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikkelsen R (2003) Actuator disc methods applied to wind turbines. Ph.D. thesis, Technical University of Denmark

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikkelsen R, Sørensen J (2002) Modelling of wind tunnel blockage. In: Proceedings of EWEC 2002, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Özlem CY, Pires O, Munduate X, Sørensen N, Reichstein T, Schaffarczyk AP, Diakakis K, Papadakis G, Daniele E, Schwarz M, Lutz T, Prieto R (2017) Summary of the blind test campaign to predict high reynolds number performance of DU00-W-210 airfoil. AIAA 2017-0915, 915

    Google Scholar 

  • Philipsen I, Heinrich S, Pegel K, Holthusen H (2015) Test report for measurements on the mexico wind turbine model in dnw-llf. Technical Report LLF-2014-19, DNW German-Dutch Wind Tunnel, Aug 2015

    Google Scholar 

  • Rebstock R, Zhai J, Schaffarczyk AP Experimental investigation of reynolds number effect on wind turbine profiles in the cryogenic wind tunnel cologne DNW-KKK. J Energy Power Eng 7:1957–1965 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • Réthoré P-E, Sørensen N, Zahle F, Bechmann A, Madsen HA Mexico wind tunnel and wind turbine modelled in cfd. In: AIAA applied aerodynamics conference, number 2011-3373, Honolulo, June (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohardt C-H, Küpper A Determination of NTS-factor for the DNW-NWB. In: Proceedings of 19. DGLR-Fach-Symposium der STAB, November (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaffarczyk AP (2009) Investigation of blockage effects for a contra rotating wind turbine measured in a wind tunnel. Technical Report 59, unpublished, Kiel University of Applied Sciences

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaffarczyk AP (2014a) Introduction to wind turbine aerodynamics. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaffarczyk AP (ed) (2014b) Understanding wind power technology: theory, deployment and optimization. Wiley, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaffarczyk AP, Arakawa C (2020) A thick aerodynamic profile wiht regions of negative lift slope and possible implications on profiles for wind turbine blades. Wind Energy

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaffarczyk AP, Boisard R, Boorsma K, Dose B, Lienard C, Lutz T, Madsen HÅ, Rahimi H, Reichstein T, Schepers G, Sørensen N, Stoevesand B, Weihing P (2018) Comparison of 3D transitional cfd simulations for rotating wings with measurements. In: The science of making torque from wind, Milan

    Google Scholar 

  • Schepers JG, Boorsma K (2014) New MEXICO experiment. ECN-E –14-048, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, ECN, Sept 2014

    Google Scholar 

  • Schepers JG, Boorsma K, Cho T, Gomez-Iradi S, Schaffarczyk AP, Jeromin A, Shen WZ, Lutz T, Meister K, Stoevesand B, Schreck S, Micallef D, Pereira R, Sant T, Madsen HA, Søensen N (2012) Final report of IEA Task 29, Mexnext (Phase 1): analysis of Mexico wind tunnel measurements. ECN-E –12-004, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, ECN, Feb 2012

    Google Scholar 

  • Segalini A, Inghels P (2014) Confinement effects inwind-turbine and propeller measurements. J Fluid Mech 756:110–129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simms D, Schreck S, Hand M, Fingersha LJ (2001) NREL unsteady aerodynmaics experiemnt in the NASA-ames wind tunnel: a comparison of prediction to measurements. NREL/TP -500-29494, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, June

    Google Scholar 

  • Simms DA, Schreck SMM, Fingersh HLJ (2001) NREL unsteady aerodynamics experiment in the NASA-ames wind tunnel: a comparison of predictions to measurements. NREL/TP-500-29494, The National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL, June

    Google Scholar 

  • Sørensen JN, Shen WZ, Mikkelsen R (2006) Wall correction model for wind tunnel with open test section. AIAA J 44(8):1890–1894

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sørensen NN, Zahle F, Boorsma K, Schepers G (2016) CFD computations of the second round of MEXICO rotor measurements. In: The science of making torque from wind, p 022054, Munich, Oct 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Stahl B, Zhai J (2003) Experimentelle untersuchung an einem 2D-windkraftprofil im dnw-kryo kanal. Technical Report DNW-GUK-2003 C 02, DNW German-Dutch Wind Tunnel

    Google Scholar 

  • Stahl B, Zhai J (2004) Experimentelle untersuchung an einem 2D-windkraftprofil bei hohen reynoldszahlen im dnw-kryo kanal. Technical Report DNW-GUK-2004 C 01, DNW German-Dutch Wind Tunnel

    Google Scholar 

  • Tropea C, Yarin AL, Foss JF (eds) (2007) Springer handbook of experimental fluid mechanics. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhongxia W (2018) Measurements at NWB/DNW. private communication

    Google Scholar 

  • Wind tunnel wall corrections (1998) Technical Report AGARD-AR-336, Advisory Group for Aerospace Research & Development, July

    Google Scholar 

  • Zell PT (1993) Performance and test section flow characterisitcs of the national full-scale. Technical Report NASA-TM-103920, NASA Technical Memorandum 103920

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Peter Schaffarczyk .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Section Editor information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Schaffarczyk, P. (2021). Corrections and Uncertainties. In: Stoevesandt, B., Schepers, G., Fuglsang, P., Yuping, S. (eds) Handbook of Wind Energy Aerodynamics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05455-7_32-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05455-7_32-1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-05455-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-05455-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference EnergyReference Module Computer Science and Engineering

Publish with us

Policies and ethics