Skip to main content

GPS/Leveling

Book cover Encyclopedia of Geodesy

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References and Reading

  • Darbeheshti, N., and Featherstone, W. E., 2010. Tuning a gravimetric quasigeoid to GPS-levelling by non-stationary least-squares collocation. Journal of Geodesy, 84(7), 419–431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Featherstone, W. E., 1998. Do we need a gravimetric geoid or a model of the base of the Australian height datum to transform GNSS heights? Australian Survey, 43, 273–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Featherstone, W. E., 2000. Refinement of a gravimetric geoid using GNSS and leveling data. Journal of Surveying Engineering, 126, 27–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Featherstone, W. E., 2008. GNSS-based heighting in Australia: current, emerging and future issues. Journal of Spatial Science, 53(2), 115–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fotopoulos, G., 2003. An Analysis on the Optimal Combination of Geoid, Orthometric and Ellipsoidal Height Data. PhD thesis, Calgary, University of Calgary, Department of Geomatics Engineering.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fotopoulos, G., Kotsakis, C., and Sideris, M. G., 2003. How accurately can we determine orthometric height differences from GPS and geoid data? Journal of Surveying Engineering, 129, 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fotopoulos, G., 2005. Calibration of geoid error models via a combined adjustment of ellipsoidal, orthometric and gravimetric geoid height data. Journal of Geodesy, 79, 111–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grebenitcharsky, R. S., Rangelova, E. V., and Sideris, M. G., 2005. Transformation between gravimetric and GPS/levelling-derived geoids using additional gravity information. Journal of Geodynamics, 39(5), 527–544.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, W., Sha, Y., and Kuang, S., 2004. New method for transforming global positioning system height into normal height based on neural network. Journal of Surveying Engineering, 130(1), 36–39, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9453(2004).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kenyeres, A., Sacher, M., Ihde, J., Marti, U., Denker H., 2008. EUVN_DA: Realization of a European Continental GPS/leveling Network. Presented at the GGEO2008 Symposium, Chania, Crete, 23–27 June, 2008. IAG Springer Proceedings series, Vol. 135, pp. 315–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klees, R., and Prutkin, I., 2010. The combination of GNSS-levelling data and gravimetric (quasi-) geoid heights in the presence of noise. Journal of Geodesy, 84(12), 731, doi:10.1007/s00190-010-0406-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kotsakis, C., and Sideris, M. G., 1999. On the adjustment of combined GPS/leveling/geoid networks. Journal of Geodesy, 73, 412–421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pail, R., Goiginger, H., Schuh, W. D., Höck, E., Brockmann, J. M., Fecher, T., Gruber, T., Mayer-Gürr, T., Kusche, J., Jäggi, A., and Rieser, D., 2010. Combined satellite gravity field model GOCO01S derived from GOCE and GRACE. Geophysical Research Letters, 37, L20314, doi:10.1029/2010GL044906.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. A., Holmes, S. A., Li, X., Guillaume, S., Wang, Y. M., Bürki, B., Roman, D. R., and Damiani, T. M., 2013. Confirming regional 1 cm differential geoid accuracy from airborne gravimetry: the Geoid Slope Validation Survey of 2011. Journal of Geodesy, 87(10–12), 885–907.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. A., and Doyle, D. R., 2006. The future role of Geodetic Datums in control surveying in the United States. Surveying and Land Information Science, 66(2), 101–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tscherning, CC., Knudsen, P., and Forsberg, R., 1994. Description of the GRAVSOFT package. Geophysical Institute, University of Copenhagen, Technical Report, 1991, 2. Ed. 1992, 3. Ed. 1993, 4. ed, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zilkoski, D. B., Carlson, E. E., and Smith, C. L., 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NGS 59: Guidelines for Establishing GPS-Derived Orthometric Heights. Silver Spring: National Geodetic Survey.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ambrus Kenyeres .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this entry

Cite this entry

Kenyeres, A. (2016). GPS/Leveling. In: Grafarend, E. (eds) Encyclopedia of Geodesy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02370-0_44-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02370-0_44-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-02370-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Earth and Environm. ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Earth and Environmental Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Chapter history

  1. Latest

    GPS/Leveling
    Published:
    09 March 2023

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02370-0_44-2

  2. Original

    GPS/Leveling
    Published:
    13 July 2016

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02370-0_44-1