Definition
Angiotensin is a peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex resulting in increase of blood pressure.
Features
Angiotensin derives by the cleavage of the precursor protein angiotensinogen, a 485-amino acid protein with a molecular weight of approximately 60 Kd, synthesized in the liver. In details, renin, produced by juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney, cleaves angiotensinogen between the leucine (Leu) and valine (Val) residues to form the decapeptide angiotensin I, also known as proangiotensin. In turn, angiotensin I is converted to the octapeptide angiotensin II in the lungs and other tissues by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), through the removal of two C-terminal residues (Benigni et al. 2010). Angiotensin II controls aldosterone secretion, which is also stimulated by high potassium level and ACTH secretion and inhibited by hypokalemia, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and dopamine.
Angiotensin II acts by...
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References and Further Reading
Benigni, A., Cassis, P., & Remuzzi, G. (2010). Angiotensin II revisited: New roles in inflammation, immunology and aging. EMBO Molecular Medicine, 2, 247–257.
Esteban, V., Lorenzo, O., Ruperez, M., Suzuki, Y., Mezzano, S., Blanco, J., Kretzler, M., Sugaya, T., Egidio, J., & Ruiz-Ortega, M. (2004). Angiotensin II, via AT1 and AT2 receptors and NF-kB pathway, regulates the inflammatory response in unilateral ureteral obstruction. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 15, 1514–1529.
Hunyady, L., & Catt, K. J. (2006). Pleiotropic AT1 receptor signaling pathways mediating physiological and pathogenic actions of angiotensin II. Molecular Endocrinology, 20, 953–970.
Jurewicz, M., McDermott, D. H., Sechler, J. M., Tinckam, K., Takakura, A., Carpenter, C. B., Milford, E., & Abdi, R. (2007). Human T and natural killer cells possess a functional renin-angiotensin system: Further mechanisms of angiotensin II-induced inflammation. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 18, 1093–1102.
Lapteva, N., Die, K., Nieda, M., Ando, Y., Hatta-Ohashi, Y., Minami, M., Dymshits, G., Egawa, K., Juji, T., & Tokunaga, K. (2002). Activation and suppression of renin-angiotensin system in human dendritic cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 296, 194–200.
Marchesi, C., Paradis, P., & Schiffrin, E. L. (2008). Role of the renin-angiotensin system in vascular inflammation. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 29, 367–374.
Patel, S., Rauf, A., Khan, H., & Abu-Izneid, T. (2017). Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS): The ubiquitous system for homeostasis and pathologies. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 94, 317–325.
Porrello, E. R., Delbridge, L. M., & Thomas, W. G. (2009). The angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor: An enigmatic seven transmembrane receptor. Frontiers in Bioscience, 14, 958–972.
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La Rosa, S. (2022). Angiotensin. In: van Krieken, J. (eds) Encyclopedia of Pathology. Encyclopedia of Pathology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28845-1_5246-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28845-1_5246-1
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