Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Psychological Symptoms

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Textbook of Palliative Care

  • 447 Accesses

Abstract

Psychological symptoms are highly prevalent in people requiring palliative care. They are much more challenging to elicit, and more controversy exists about what is normal and what might require intervention than physical symptoms. There are significant issues in determining what is normal and what is not. Sadness, distress, anxiety, and depression can coexist and require careful assessment.

Management of psychological symptoms and conditions can broadly be considered in terms of non-pharmacological and pharmacological therapies, “the talking and the drug therapies.” These are not mutually exclusive, and for people with limited energy, failing cognition, and limited time, some pragmatic decisions may be necessary. To be distressed and immobilized by emotion is not normal. Depression is not a normal part of dying. There should be discussion about the nature of psychological issues and conditions, explanation of common somatic symptoms, and a plan for intervention and support.

The burden on the carer, both professional and personal, in such situations should not be underestimated.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Akizuki N, Akechi T, Nakanishi T, Yoshikawa E, Okamura M, Nakano T, Murakami Y, Uchitomi Y. Development of a brief screening interview for adjustment disorders and major depression in patients with cancer. Am Cancer Soc. 2003;97:2605–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Arroll B, Khin N, Kerse N. Screening for depression in primary care with two verbally asked questions: cross sectional study. Br Med J. 2003;327:1144–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barraclough JE. Psycho-oncology and the role of the psychiatrist in cancer patient care. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 1997;1:189–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barraclough J. Cancer and emotion: a practical guide to psycho-oncology. Chichester: Wiley; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck AT, Beck RW. Screening depressed patients in family practice. A rapid technic. Postgrad Med. 1972;52(6):81–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blazer DG, Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Swartz MS. The prevalence and distribution of major depression in a national community sample: the National Comorbidity Survey. Am J Psychiatr. 1994;151:979–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Block SD. Assessing and managing depression in the terminally ill patient. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132:209–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breitbart W, Bruera E, Chochinov H, Lynch M. Neuropsychiatric syndromes and psychological symptoms with advanced cancer. J Pain Symptom Manag. 1995;10:131–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bukberg J, Penman D, Holland JC. Depression in hospitalised cancer patients. Psychosom Med. 1984;46:199–212.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butow P, Price MA, Shaw JM, Turner J, Clayton JM, Grimison P, Rankin N, Kirsten L. Clinical pathway for the screening, assessment and management of anxiety and depression in adult cancer patients: Australian guidelines. Psychooncology. 2015;24(9):987–1001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cambridge University Press. Cambridge dictionary: English dictionary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  • CareSearch. Anxiety. 2017. Retrieved 25 Mar 2018, from https://www.caresearch.com.au/caresearch/tabid/225/Default.aspx.

  • Cassidy S. Sharing the darkness. The spirituality of caring. New York: Maryknoll, Orbis Books; 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chochinov HM. Dignity-conserving care – a new model for palliative care: helping the patient feel valued. J Am Med Assoc. 2002;287(17):2253–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chochinov HM, Wilson KG, Enns M, Lander S. Prevalence of depression in the terminally ill: effects of diagnostic criteria and symptom threshold judgments. Am J Psychiatr. 1994;151:537–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chochinov HM, Wilson KG, Enns M, Lander S. Are you depressed? Screening for depression in the terminally ill. Am J Psychiatr. 1997;154:674–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clayton JM, Hancock KM, Butow PN, Tattersall MH, Currow DC, Adler J, Aranda S, Auret K, Boyle F, Britton A, Chye R, Clark K, Davidson P, Davis JM, Girgis A, Graham S, Hardy J, Introna K, Kearsley J, Kerridge I, Kristjanson L, Martin P, McBride A, Meller A, Mitchell G, Moore A, Noble B, Olver I, Parker S, Peters M, Saul P, Stewart C, Swinburne L, Tobin B, Tuckwell K, Yates P. Clinical practice guidelines for communicating prognosis and end-of-life issues with adults in the advanced stages of a life-limiting illness, and their caregivers. Med J Aust. 2007;186(12 Suppl):S77, s79, s83–108

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen-Cole SA, Stoudemire A. Major depression and physical illness. Special considerations in diagnosis and biologic treatment. Psychiatr Clin N Am. 1987;10:1–17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coull G, Morris PG. The clinical effectiveness of CBT-based guided self-help interventions for anxiety and depressive disorders: a systematic review. Psychol Med. 2011;41(11):2239–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford GB, Robinson JA. The geriatric depression scale in palliative care. Palliat Support Care. 2008;6(3):213–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dein S. The management of psychological distress in terminal illness. Prim Care Psychiatry. 2000;6:123–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demmer C. A survey of complementary therapy services provided by hospices. J Palliat Med. 2004;7:510–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Derogatis LR, Morrow GR, Fetting J, Penman D, Piasetsky S, Schmale AM, Henrichs M, Carnicke CLM. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders among cancer patients. J Am Med Assoc. 1983;249: 751–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DiMatteo M, Lepper H, Croghan T. Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:2101–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dinan TG. The physical consequences of depressive illness. Br Med J. 1999;318:826.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Durkin I, Kearney M, O’Siorain L. Psychiatric disorder in a palliative care unit. Palliat Med. 2003;17:212–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis GK, Robinson JA, Crawford GB. When symptoms of disease overlap with symptoms of depression. Aust Fam Physician. 2006;35:647–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Endicott J. Measurement of depression in patients with cancer. Cancer. 1984;53:2243–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ernst E. Massage therapy for cancer palliation and supportive care: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials. Support Care Cancer. 2009;17(4):333.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fredman L, Weissman MM, Leaf PJ, Bruce ML. Social functioning in community residents with depression and other psychiatric disorders: results of the New Haven epidemiologic catchment area study. J Affect Disord. 1988;15:103–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gallo JJ, Rabins PV. Depression without sadness: alternative presentations of depression in late life. Am Fam Physician. 1999;60:820–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbody SM, House AO, Sheldon TA. Routinely administered questionnaires for depression and anxiety: systematic review. Br Med J. 2001;322:406–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg D, Huxley P. Common mental disorders. A biosocial model. London: Tavistock Publications Ltd.; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldman LS, Nielsen NH, Champion HC. Awareness, diagnosis, and treatment of depression. J Gen Intern Med. 1999;14:569–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Goldney RD, Fisher LJ, Wilson DH, Cheok F. Major depression and its associated morbidity and quality of life in a random, representative Australian community sample. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2000;34:1022–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldney RD, Ruffin R, Fisher LJ, Wilson DH. Asthma symptoms associated with depression and lower quality of life: a population survey. Med J Aust. 2003;178:437–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldney RD, Phillips PJ, Fisher LJ, Wilson DH. Diabetes, depression, and quality of life. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1066–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grassi L, Indelli M, Marzola M, Maestri A, Santini A, Piva E, Boccalon M. Depressive symptoms and quality of life in home-care-assisted cancer patients. J Pain Symptom Manag. 1996;12:300–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grunfeld E, Coyle D, Whelan T, Clinch J, Reyno L, Earle CC, Willan A, Viola R, Coristine M, Janz T, Glossop R. Family caregiver burden: results of a longitudinal study of breast cancer patients and their principal caregivers. Can Med Assoc J. 2004;170: 1795–801.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson S, Andrews G, Hall W. Australia’s mental health: an overview of the general population survey. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2000;34:197–205.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hickie IB, Davenport TA, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Koschera A, Naismith SL, Scott EM, Wilhelm KA. Development of a simple screening tool for common mental disorders in general practice. Med J Aust. 2001;175:S10–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hilliard R. The use of music therapy in meeting the multidimensional needs of hospice patients and families. J Palliat Care. 2001;17:161–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hinton J. Which patients with terminal cancer are admitted from home care? Palliat Med. 1994;8:197–210.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holland JC, Korzun AH, Tross S, Silberfarb P, Perry M, Comis R, Osterr M. Comparative psychological disturbance in patients with pancreatic and gastric cancer. Am J Psychiatry. 1986;143:982–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hotopf M, Chidgey J, Addington-Hall J, Lan Ly K. Depression in advanced disease: a systematic review part 1. Prevalence and case finding. Palliat Med. 2002;16:81–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson PL, Schofield P, Kelly B, Hudson R, O’Connor M, Kristjanson LJ, Ashby M, Aranda S. Responding to desire to die statements from patients with advanced disease: recommendations for health professionals. Palliat Med. 2006;20(7):703–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalichman SC, Rompa D, Cage M. Distinguishing between overlapping somatic symptoms of depression and HIV disease in people living with HIV-AIDS. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2000;188:662–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kathol RG, Mutgi A, Williams J, Clamon G, Noyes R. Diagnosis of major depression in cancer patients according to four sets of criteria. Am J Psychiatr. 1990;147:1021–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly B, Burnett K, Pelusi D, Badger S, Varghese F, Robertson M. Factors associated with the wish to hasten death: a study of patients with terminal illness. Psychol Med. 2003;33:75–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kissane DW, Clarke DM, Street AF. Demoralization syndrome – a relevant psychiatric diagnosis for palliative care. J Palliat Care. 2001;17(1):12–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer JA. Use of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in the assessment of depression in patients with inoperable lung cancer. Palliat Med. 1999;13:353–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krout R. The effects of single-session music therapy interventions on the observed and self-reported levels of pain control, physical comfort, and relaxation of hospice patients. Am J Hosp Palliat Med. 2001;18(6):383–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kübler-Ross E. On death and dying. New York: The Macmillan Company; 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kyle G. Evaluating the effectiveness of aromatherapy in reducing levels of anxiety in palliative care patients: results of a pilot study. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2006;12(2):148–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin EHB, Katon W, von Korff M, Tang L, Williams JW, Kroenke K, Hunkeler E, Harpole L, Hegel M, Arean P, Hoffing M, Della Penna R, Langston C, Unutzer J. Effect of improving depression care on pain and functional outcomes among older adults with arthritis: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2003;290:2428–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd-Williams M. The assessment of depression in palliative care patients. Eur J Palliat Care. 1999;6:150–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd-Williams M. Screening for depression in palliative care patients: a review. Eur J Cancer Care. 2001;10:31–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd-Williams M, Payne S. A qualitative study of clinical nurse specialists’ views on depression in palliative care patients. Palliat Med. 2003;17:334–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd-Williams M, Riddleston H. The stability of depression scores in patients who are receiving palliative care. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2002;24:593–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd-Williams M, Friedman T, Rudd N. A survey of antidepressant prescribing in the terminally ill. Palliat Med. 1999;13:243–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd-Williams M, Dennis M, Taylor F, Baker I. Is asking patients in palliative care, “are you depressed?” appropriate? Prospective study. Br Med J. 2003a;327:372–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd-Williams M, Spiller J, Ward J. Which depression screening tools should be used in palliative care? Palliat Med. 2003b;17:40–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maguire P. Barriers to psychological care of the dying. Br Med J. 1985;291:1711–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maguire P, Howell A. Improving the psychological care of cancer patients. In: House A, Mayou R, Mallinson C, editors. Psychiatric aspects of physical disease. London: Royal College of Physicians and Royal College of Psychiatrists; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh L, McDonald WM, Cummings J, Ravina B, NINDS/NIMH Work Group on depression and Parkinson’s Disease. Provisional diagnostic criteria for depression in Parkinson’s disease. Report of an NINDS/NIMH Work Group. Mov Disord. 2006;21:148–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marziali E, Alexander L. The power of the therapeutic relationship. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1991;61(3): 383–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald MV, Passik SD, Dugan W, Rosenfeld B, Theobald DE, Edgerton S. Nurses’ recognition of depression in their patients with cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum. 1999;26:593–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McIntyre E. Staff ratings of elderly at day care centres: mental status, hypochondriasis, depression. Clin Gerontol. 1982;1:45–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer HAM, Sinnot C, Seed PT. Depressive symptoms in advanced cancer. Part 2. Depression over time; the role of the palliative care professional. Palliat Med. 2003;17:604–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murray CJL, Lopez AD. Evidence-based health policy – lessons from the global burden of disease study. Science. 1996;274:740–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Distress management. Clinical practice guidelines. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw. 2003;1(3):344–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ng F, Crawford GB, Chur-Hansen A. Palliative medicine practitioners’ views on the concept of depression in the palliative care setting. J Palliat Med. 2013;16(8):922–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ng F, Crawford GB, Chur-Hansen A. How do palliative medicine specialists conceptualize depression? Findings from a qualitative in-depth interview study. J Palliat Med. 2014;17(3):318–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ng F, Crawford GB, Chur-Hansen A. Depression means different things: A qualitative study of psychiatrists’ conceptualisation of depression in the palliative care setting. Palliative & Supportive Care 2015;13(5):1223–30

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ouslander JG. Physical illness and depression in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1982;30:593–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palliative Care Expert Group, Moulds R, Allardice J, Boughey M, Cairns W, Chye R, Crawford G, Dedigama M, Glaetzer K, Good P, Herbert A, Homewood M, Kelly B, Mitchell G, Ravenscroft P, Rogers I, Scholes S, Sweidan M, W. S. Therapeutic guidelines: palliative care. Melbourne: Therapeutic Guidelines Ltd.; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker G, Fletcher K, Hadzi-Pavlovic D. Is context everything to the definition of clinical depression? A test of the Horwitz and Wakefield postulate. J Affect Disord. 2012;136(3):1034–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Passik SD, Theobald DE. Managing addiction in advanced cancer patients: why bother? J Pain Symptom Manag. 2000;19(3):229–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Passik SD, Dugan W, McDonald MV, Rosenfeld B, Theobald DE, Edgerton S. Oncologists’ recognition of depression in their patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:1594–600.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Passik SD, Donaghy KB, Theobald DE, Lundberg JC, Holtsclaw E, Dugan WM. Oncology staff recognition of depressive symptoms on videotaped interviews of depressed cancer patients: implications for designing a training program. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2000;19:329–38.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Passik SD, Kirsh KL, Theobald D, Donaghy K, Holtsclaw E, Edgerton S, Dugan W. Use of a depression screening tool and a fluoxetine-based algorithm to improve the recognition and treatment of depression in cancer patients: a demonstration project. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2002;24:318–27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pautex S, Berger A, Chatelain C, Herrmann F, Zulian GB. Symptom assessment in elderly cancer patients receiving palliative care. Crit Rev Oncol Haematol. 2003;47:281–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Periyakoil, VJ. Is it grief or depression? Fast Facts #43. Palliative Care Network of Wisconsin, USA, 2015. Accessed at https://www.mypcnow.org/blank-rc5hu on 26 May 2018

  • Peveler R, Carson A, Rodin G. Depression in medical patients. Br Med J. 2006;325:149–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Portnoy R, Thaler H, Kornblith J, McCarthy Lepore J, Friedlander-Klar E, Kiyasu E, Sobel K, Coyle N, Kemeny N, Norton L, Scher H. The memorial symptom assessment scale: an instrument for the evaluation of symptom prevalence, characteristics and distress. Eur J Cancer. 1994;30A:1326–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rapp SR, Vrana S. Substituting nonsomatic symptoms in the diagnosis of depression in elderly male medical patients. Am J Psychiatr. 1989;146:1197–200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Razavi D, Delvaux N, Farvacques C, Robaye E. Screening for adjustment disorders and major depressive disorders in cancer in-patients. Br J Psychiatry. 1990;156:79–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson JA, Crawford GB. Identifying palliative care patients with symptoms of depression: an algorithm. Palliat Med. 2005;19:278–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruo B, Rumsfeld JS, Hlatky MA, Liu H, Browner WS, Whooley MA. Depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life: the heart and soul study. J Am Med Assoc. 2003;290:215–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith EM, Gomm SA, Dickens CM. Assessing the independent contribution to quality of life from anxiety and depression in patients with advanced cancer. Palliat Med. 2003;17:509–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sorenson SB, Rutter CM, Aneshensel CS. Depression in the community: an investigation into age of onset. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1991;59:541–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spiegel D. Cancer and depression. Br J Psychiatry. 1996;168(Supplement 30):109–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vida S, Des Rosiers P, Carrier L, Gauthier S. Prevalence of depression in Alzheimer’s disease and validity of research diagnostic criteria. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1994;7:238–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weissman M, Bland RC, Canino GJ, Faravelli C, Greenwald S, Hwu H-G, Joyce PR, Karam EG, Lee C-K, Lellouch J, Lepine J-P, Newman SC, Rubio-Stipec M, Wells JE, Wickramaratne PJ, Wittchen H-U, Yeh E-K. Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder. J Am Med Assoc. 1996;276:293–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilhelm K, Mitchell P, Slade T, Brownbill S, Andrews G. Prevalence and correlates of DSM-IV major depression in an Australian national survey. J Affect Disord. 2003;75:155–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson KG, Chochinov HM, de Faye BJ, Breitbart W. Diagnosis and management of depression in palliative care. In: Handbook of psychiatry in palliative medicine. New York: Oxford University Press; 2000. p. 25–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson KG, Mikail SF, D’Eon JL, Minns JE. Alternative diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder in patient’s with chronic pain. Pain. 2001;91:227–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, Lum O, Huang V, Adey M, Leirer V. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. J Psychiatric Res. 1982–1983;17:37–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zisook S, Shear K. Grief and bereavement: what psychiatrists need to know. World Psychiatry. 2009;8(2):67–74.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Northern Adelaide Palliative Service, Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

    Gregory B. Crawford

  2. Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

    Gregory B. Crawford

Authors
  1. Gregory B. Crawford
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gregory B. Crawford .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. HammondCare Learning and Research Centre, Greenwich Hospital, Greenwich, New South Wales, Australia

    Roderick Duncan MacLeod

  2. Vrije Universiteit Brussel, VUB-UGent End-of-Life Care Research Grou Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

    Lieve Van den Block

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Crawford, G.B. (2018). Psychological Symptoms. In: MacLeod, R., Van den Block, L. (eds) Textbook of Palliative Care. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31738-0_21-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31738-0_21-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-31738-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-31738-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation