Definition
Defining social movements is not an easy task due to its wide variation in objectives, nature, and ideology. It may be understood as an organized effort by a large number of people to bring about or impede social, political, economic, or cultural change. Social movements generally come into existence to create change (e.g., Occupy Wall Street, Arab Spring), to resist change (e.g., anti-globalization movement), or to provide a political voice to those otherwise disenfranchised (e.g., civil rights movements) (University of Minnesota n.d.). Turner and Killian (1957), early social movement theorists, define social movements as:
[a] collectivity acting with some continuity to promote or resist a change in the society or organization of which it is part....... As a collectivity, a movement is a group with indefinite and shifting membership and with leadership whose position is determined more by informal response to adherents than by formal procedures for legitimizing authority....
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Nayak, S.R., Pandey, U.C. (2020). Social Movements and Gender Equality. In: Leal Filho, W., Azul, A.M., Brandli, L., Lange Salvia, A., Wall, T. (eds) Gender Equality. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70060-1_110-1
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