Definition of Reproductive Age Groups
Women in reproductive age groups constitute the age range from 15 to 49 years. Surveys and censuses vary on the upper age, where often 40–44 years is taken as the last age group. More recently, it has been advanced that when survey data are used to calculate the total fertility rates, both age groups, 15–44 years and 15–49 years, should be considered. In common practice, births to girls below 15 years is added to the 15–19 year age group and births to women over 49 years is added under the 45–49 year age group (WHO 2006).
Introduction
Moving away and out of the traditional gender roles has not been an easy task for women. While differences may exist on this journey of economic empowerment, there are more commonalities that are not culture-specific. It has been the result of centuries’ efforts on the great gender divide that resulted from the division of labor that was in accordance with the biological needs and limitations of each gender. While...
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Bhambhani C, Inbanathan A (2018) Not a mother, yet a woman: exploring experiences of women opting out of motherhood in India. Asian J Women Stud 24(2):159–182
Buddhapriya S (2009) Work-family challenges and their impact on career decisions: a study of Indian women professionals. Vikalpa 34(1):31–46
Census of India (2011) Estimates of fertility indicator. https://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Report_2016/7.Chap_3-Fertility_Indicators-2016.pdf. Accessed 10 July 2020
Chandra T (2019) Literacy in India: the gender and age dimension. ORF issue brief no. 322. https://www.orfonline.org/research/literacy-in-india-the-gender-and-age-dimension-57150/. Accessed 1 July 2020
Das M, Desai S (2003) Why are educated women less likely to be employed in India? Testing competing hypotheses. Social Protection, World Bank, Washington, DC
Desai M, Majumdar B, Chakraborty T, Ghosh K (2011) The second shift: working women in India. Gen Manag Int J 26:432–450
Dhawan N (2005) Women’s role expectations and identity development in India. Psychol Dev Soc 17(1):81–92
Gammage S, Joshi S, Rodgers Y (2020) The intersections of women’s economic and reproductive empowerment. Fem Econ 26:1–22
Ganguly S, Unisa S (2010) Trends of infertility and childlessness in India: findings from NFHS data. Facts Views Vis ObGyn 2(2):131
Gwal R (2016) Working women: career breaks and re-entry in a fast-changing business environment. Metamorphosis 15(1):1–9
Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine (IAPSM) (2020) Maternal Health. http://iapsm.org/maternalhealth.html#:~:text=In%20India%20women%20of%20the,vulnerable%20or%20special%20risk%20group.&text=Every%20year%20in%20India%2C%20roughly,27%20millions%20have%20live%20births. Accessed 16 July 2020
International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ICF (2017) National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015–16: India. IIPS, Mumbai
International Labour Organization (2014) Female labour force participation in India and beyond. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bangkok/@sro-new_delhi/documents/publication/wcms_324621.pdf. Accessed 27 Aug 2020
Jensen R (2012) Do labor market opportunities affect young women’s work and family decisions? Experimental evidence from India. Q J Econ 127(2):753–792
Kaul A (2009) Gender and workplace experience. Vikalpa 34(4):79–83
Kumar R (2014) Organisational work pressure rings a ‘time-out’ alarm for children: a dual-career couple’s study. Asian J Manage Res 4:583–596
Kumar V, Arora G, Midha IK, Gupta YP (2015) Infant and young child feeding behaviors among working mothers in India: implications for global health policy and practice. Int J MCH AIDS 3(1):7
Lahiri-Dutt K, Sil P (2014) Women’s ‘double day’ in middle-class homes in small-town India. Cont South Asia 22(4):389–405
Mohanty SK (2012) Multiple deprivations and maternal care in India. Int Pers Sex Rep Health 38(1):6–14
Mohapatra K (2012) Women workers in informal sector in India: understanding the occupational vulnerability. Int J Hum Soc Sci 2(1):197–207
Mukhopadhyay CC (1994) Family structure and Indian women’s participation in science. In Women, Education, and Family Structure in India, edited by Carol C. Mukhopadhyay and Elaine Seymour, 103–132. Boulder: Westview Press
Narayanan S (2008) Employment guarantee, women’s work and childcare. Eco Polit Wkly 43:10–13
Patel D (2016) Leader-gender stereotypes in female congenial workplaces. OPUS HR J 7(1):15–24
Patel D, Biswas UN (2016) Stereotyping of effective male and female leaders: a concomitant of gendered workplaces. J Ind Acad Appl Psychol 42(1):40–49
Rajadhyaksha U, Bhatnagar D (2000) Life role salience: a study of dual-career couples in the Indian context. Hum Relat 53(4):489–511
Rajesh S, Ekambaram K, Rakesh A (2013a) Corporate sector’s role in the enablement of women careers in India: an empirical study. SIJ Trans Ind Financ Bus Manag 1(5):150–158
Rajesh S, Gruhaa U, Neelangarai C (2013b) Second career of women professionals in India: a corporate perspective. Asian J Manag Res 4(1):27–47
Ranganathan A (2018) Train them to retain them: work readiness and the retention of first-time women workers in India. Adm Sci Q 63(4):879–909
Sarkar S, Sahoo S, Klasen S (2019) Employment transitions of women in India: a panel analysis. World Dev 115:291–309
Singh S (2016) The maternity benefit (amendment) bill, 2016: a critical analysis. Space Cult India 4(2):22–28
Singh PK (2018) India has achieved ground-breaking success in reducing maternal mortality, 10 June. https://www.who.int/southeastasia/news/detail/10-06-2018-india-has-achieved-groundbreaking-success-in-reducing-maternal-mortality. Accessed 23 July 2020
Singh T, Gupta A (2011) Women working in informal sector in India: a saga of lopsided utilization of human capital. Int Proc Eco Dev Res 4:534–538
Sunder M (1996) In a “fragile space”: sexual harassment and the construction of Indian feminism. Law Policy 18(2–3):419–442
UNICEF (2019) Ending child marriage: A profile of progress in India. https://data.unicef.org/resources/ending-child-marriage-a-profile-of-progress-in-india/. Accessed 25 Aug 2020
UNICEF (2019) Literacy. https://data.unicef.org/topic/education/literacy/. Accessed 8 Aug 2020
UNICEF (2020) Maternal Health. https://www.unicef.org/india/what-we-do/maternal-health. Accessed 16 July 2020
World Health Organization (2006) Reproductive health indicators. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43185/924156315X_eng.pdf;jsessionid=CAB5E5BF4E2A8AD13E8EBBF7119468A5?sequence=1. Accessed 1 Aug 2020
World Health Organization (2020) Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health (Data Portal). https://www.who.int/data/maternal-newborn-child-adolescent/indicator-explorer-new/mca/women-of-reproductive-age-(15-49-years)-population-(thousands). Accessed 16 July 2020
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Patel, D. (2021). Career Progression of Women in Reproductive Age Groups in India. In: Leal Filho, W., Azul, A.M., Brandli, L., Lange Salvia, A., Wall, T. (eds) Gender Equality. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70060-1_115-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70060-1_115-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-70060-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-70060-1
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Earth and Environm. ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Earth and Environmental Sciences