Definition
Gender-based abuse and violence refers to any act perpetrated against a person’s will and is based on gender norms and unequal power relationships. This terminology encompasses threats of violence and coercion, which can be physical, emotional, psychological, or sexual in nature, and often take the form of a denial of resources or access to services. Eliminating gender-based abuse and violence has become a priority for sustainable development, as one of the most pervasive human rights violation in the world today is largely rooted in gender inequality with norms and attitudes that condone violence within the family, the community, and the State (Alan 2016; WHO 2013; Nnawulezi et al. 2018).
To this end, there is a call for zero tolerance and immediate action to end violence against women, where existing laws protecting women be vigorously enforced, with an emphasis on prevention, survivor services, the need for reliable data, and the importance of engaging men and boys to...
References
Alan G (2016) Understanding masculinities and violence against women and girls. UN Women Training Centre, pp 1–78. https://trainingcentre.unwomen.org/RESOURCES_LIBRARY/Resources_Centre/masculinities%20booklet%20.pdf
Amenta E, Caren N, Chiarello E, Su Y (2010) The political consequences of social movements. Annu Rev Sociol 36:287–307
Banyard VL (2008) Measurement and correlates of prosocial bystander behavior: the case of interpersonal violence. Violence Vict 23:83–97
Barker G, Contreras JM, Heilman B, Singh AK, Verma RK, Nascimento M (2011) Evolving men: initial results from the International Men and Gender Equality Survey (IMAGES). International Center for Research on Women (ICRW)/Instituto Promundo, Washington, DC/Rio de Janeiro
Burke R (2014) Shaming the state: sexual offences by UN military peacekeepers and the rhetoric of zero tolerance. In: Heathcote G, Otto D (eds) Rethinking peacekeeping, gender equality, and collective security. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke
CARE (2013) Challenging gender-based violence worldwide: CARE’s program evidence. Strategies, results, and impacts of evaluations 2011–2013. https://www.care.org/sites/default/files/documents/Challenging-GBV-Worldwide-CARE_s-program-evidence.pdf
Carpenter R (2006) Recognizing gender-based violence against civilian men and boys in conflict situations. Secur Dialogue 37(1):83–103
Casey E, Carlson J, Fraguela-Rios C et al (2013) Context, challenges, and tensions in global efforts to engage men in the prevention of violence against women: an ecological analysis. Men Masculinities 16:228–251
Chakraborty P, Osrin D, Daruwalla N (2018) “We learn how to become good men”: working with male allies to prevent violence against women and girls in urban informal settlements in Mumbai, India. Men Masculinities. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X18806544
Crooks C, Jaffe P, Dunlop C, Kerry A, Exner-Cortens D (2019) Preventing gender-based violence among adolescents and young adults: lessons from 25 years of program development and evaluation. Violence Against Women 25(1):29–55
Fabian K (ed) (2010) Domestic violence in postcommunist states. Indiana University Press, Bloomington
Ferrales G, Nyseth Brehm H, Mclrath S (2016) Gender-based violence against men and boys in Darfur: the gender-genocide nexus. Gend Soc 30(4):565–589
Finnemore M, Sikkink K (1998) International norm dynamics and political change. Int Organ 52:887–917
Flood M (2015) Work with men to end violence against women: a critical stocktake. Cult Health Sex 17(Suppl 2):159–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2015.1070435
Friedman E (2009) Re(gion)alizing women’s human rights in Latin America. Polit Gend 5:349–375
Fulu E, Warner X, Miedama S, Jewkes R, Roselli T, Lang J (2013) Why do some men use violence against women and how can we prevent it? Quantitative findings form the United Nations multi-country study on men and violence in Asia and the Pacific. United Nations Development Programme/United Nations Population Fund/United Nations Women/United Nations Volunteers, Bangkok
Heathcote G, Otto E (eds) (2014) Rethinking peacekeeping, gender equality, and collective security. Palgrave Macmillan, London
Htun M, Weldon SL (2012) The civic origins of progressive policy change: combating violence against women in global perspective, 1975–2005. Am Polit Sci Rev 106:3
Incite! Women of Color Against Violence (2007) The revolution will not be funded: beyond the non-profit industrial complex. South End Press, Cambridge, MA
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2015) Violence against lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex persons in the Americas. IACHR, Washington, DC, pp 60–62
International Center for Research on Women (2016) Toward a more feminist United Nations. ICRW, Washington, DC
Jewkes R, Flood M, Lang J (2014) From work with men and boys to changes of social norms and reduction of inequities in gender relations: a conceptual shift in prevention of violence against women and girls. Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61683-4
Kato-Wallace J, Barker G, Garg A, Feliz N, Levack A, Ports K, Miller E (2019) Adapting a global gender-transformative violence prevention program for the U.S. community-based setting for work with young men. Glob Soc Welf 6(2):121–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40609-018-00135-y
Keller J, Mboya BO, Sinclair J, Githua OW, Mulinge M, Bergholz L, Paiva L, Golden NH, Kapphahn C (2015) A 6-week school curriculum improves boys’ attitudes and behaviors related to gender-based violence in Kenya. J Interpers Violence. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515586367
Laisser RM, Nystrom L, Lugina HI, Emmelin M (2011) Community perceptions of intimate partner violence – a qualitative study from urban Tanzania. BMC Womens Health 11:13
Leach F, Dunne M, Salvi F (2014) A global review of current issues and approaches in policy, programming and implementation responses to school-related gender-based violence (SRGBV) for the education sector. UNESCO, Paris
Lundgren R, Amin A (2015) Addressing intimate partner violence and sexual violence among adolescents: emerging evidence of effectiveness. J Adolesc Health 56(1 Suppl):S42–S50
Madan M, Nalla M (2016) Sexual harassment in public spaces: examining gender differences in perceived seriousness and victimization. Int Crim Justice Rev 26(2):80–97
MenEngage Alliance (2014) Ten years of Men’s Action for Stopping Violence Against Women (MASVAW). http://menengage.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/masvaw_journey.pdf
Michau L, Horn J, Bank A, Dutt M, Zimmerman C (2015) Prevention of violence against women and girls: lessons from practice. Lancet 385(9978):1672–1684. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61797-9
Mills E, Shahrokh T, Wheeler J, Black G, Cornelius R, van den Heever L (2015) Turning the tide: the role of collective action for addressing structural and gender-based violence in South Africa. Institute of Development Studies, February.
Moghadam V (2005) Globalizing women: transnational feminist networks. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
Montoya C (2009) International initiative and domestic reforms: European Union efforts to combat violence against women. Polit Gend 5(3):325–348
Nicholson F, Carty C (2015) The “Zero Tolerance Village Alliance”: a promising intervention for addressing sexual and gender-based violence in rural communities. BMC Proc. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-6561-9-S4-A4
Nnawulezi N, Lippy C, Serrata J, Rodriguez R (2018) Doing equitable work in inequitable conditions: an introduction to a special issue on transformative research methods in gender-based violence. J Fam Violence 33:507–513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-018-9998-8
O’Brien C, Walsh S (2019) Women’s rights and opposition: explaining the stunted rise and sudden reversals of progressive violence against women policies in contentious contexts. J Lat Am Stud 2019:1–25
Omelicheva M (2011) Counterterrorism policies in Central Asia. Routledge, Abingdon
Peacock D, Levack A (2004) The men as partners program in South Africa: reaching men to end gender-based violence and promote sexual and reproductive health. Int J Mens Health 3:173–188
Perrin N, Marsh M, Clough A, Desgroppes A, Yope Phanuel C, Abdi A, Kabaru F, Heitmann S, Yamashina M, Ross B, Read-Hamilton S, Turner R, Heise L, Glass N (2019) Social norms and beliefs about gender based violence scale: a measure for use with gender based violence prevention programs in low-resource and humanitarian settings. Confl Heal 13:6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-019-0189-x
Pierotti RS (2013) Increasing rejection of intimate partner violence: evidence of global cultural diffusion. Am Sociol Rev 78(2):240–265
Ricardo C, Eads M, Barker G (2011) Engaging boys and men in the prevention of sexual violence. Sexual Violence Research Initiative, Pretoria
Roggeband C (2016) Ending violence against women in Latin America: feminist norm setting in a multilevel context. Polit Gend 12:143–167
Russell SG, Lerch JG, Wotipka CM (2018) The making of a human rights issue: a cross-national analysis of gender-based violence in textbooks, 1950–2011. Gend Soc 32(5):713–738
Russo NF, Pirlott A (2006) Gender-based violence: concepts, methods, and findings. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1087(1):178–205
Sanders R (2018) Norm spoiling: undermining the international women’s rights agenda. Int Aff 94(2):271–291
Sen G, Mukherjee A (2014) No empowerment without rights, no rights without politics: gender-equality, MDGs and the post-2015 agenda. J Hum Dev Capab 15(2–3):188–202
Shun-hing C (2011) Beyond war and men: reconceptualizing peace in relation to the everyday and women. Signs J Women Cult Soc 36(3):521–532
Sikkink K (2011) The justice cascade: how human rights prosecutions are changing world politics. W. W. Norton, New York
Simmons B (2009) Mobilizing for human rights: international law in domestic politics. Cambridge University Press, New York
Slegh H, Richters A (2012) Masculinity and gender-based violence in Rwanda: experiences and perceptions of men and women. Rwanda Men’s Resource Centre, Kigali, pp 1–52
Spangaro J, Adogu C, Ranmuthugala G, Powell Davies G, Steinacker L et al (2013) What evidence exists for initiatives to reduce risk and incidence of sexual violence in armed conflict and other humanitarian crises? A systematic review. PLoS One 8(5):e62600. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062600
Stewart F (2010) Power and progress: the swing of the pendulum. J Hum Dev Capab 11(3):371–395
Tolman RM, Casey AC, Allen CT, Carlson J, Leek C, Storer HL (2016) A global exploratory analysis of men participating in gender-based violence prevention. J Interpers Violence. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516670181
UN Office of the High Commissioner (2012) Born free and equal: sexual orientation and gender identity in international human rights law. p 14. http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/BornFreeAndEqualLowRes.pdf
UN Women (2018) Turning promises into action: gender equality in the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/sdg-report
UNFPA (2009) Programming to address violence against women. United Nations Population Fund, New York
United Nations (2011) Report of the special rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Rashida Manjoo. Presented at the Human Rights Council at its 17th session. UN Doc. A/HRC/17/26
United Nations Treaty Collection (2014) Chapter IV. Human rights 8: convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women. https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en
USAID (2017) Zero tolerance: gender-based violence free schools. https://www.usaid.gov/nepal/fact-sheets/zero-tolerance-gbv-free-schools-nepal
Uthman OA, Lawoko S, Moradi T (2009) Factors associated with attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women: a comparative analysis of 17 sub-Saharan countries. BMC Int Health Hum Rights 9:14
Weldon S (2006) Inclusion, solidarity and social movements: the global movement on gender violence. Perspect Polit 4(1):55–74
Weldon S (2011) When protest makes policy: how social movements represent disadvantaged groups. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor
Wies JR, Petillo AD, Haldane HJ, Ashburn K, Beske M, Friederic K, Haldane H, Katsulis Y, Lynn Kwiatkowski L, Lundgren R (2015) Applying anthropology to gender-based violence: global responses, local practices. Lexington Books, Lanham
World Health Organization (2013) Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. World Health Organization, Geneva
World Health Organization/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (2010) Preventing intimate partner and sexual violence against women: taking action and generating evidence. World Health Organization, Geneva
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
McMullin-Messier, P. (2020). Zero-Tolerance Policy Toward Gender-Based Abuse and Violence. In: Leal Filho, W., Azul, A., Brandli, L., Lange Salvia, A., Wall, T. (eds) Gender Equality. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70060-1_55-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70060-1_55-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-70060-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-70060-1
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Earth and Environm. ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Earth and Environmental Sciences