Definition
Gender inequality is defined by the underrepresentation of women in sectors and professions in employment, a poorer record of advancement to higher levels of organizations than men and the historical relationship between the genders in society. Until the early twentieth century, the domination of men in governmental roles was mostly unchallenged. Gender inequality in the workplace can be defined as the lack of opportunity which females encounter in employment and includes “access to work”: advancement in careers and the women’s role in a male-dominated business world. This is further delineated by concepts of “horizontal” and “vertical” segregation. Horizontal segregation deals with the underrepresentation of women across roles, for example, the lack of females in science, technology, electronics and maths (STEM) areas of both study and work. Vertical segregation deals with the lack of female progression to the higher echelons of organizations, sometimes known as the “glass...
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
References
Advance HE (2018) Equality + higher education staff statistical report 2018. Advance HE, London
Alban-Metcalfe B, West M (1991) Women managers. In: Firth-Cozens J, West M (eds) Women at work. Open University Press, Milton Keynes
Bradshaw C (2018) An investigation into gender imbalance in academic careers. Scholars Press, Riga
De Anca C, Vazquez A (2007) Managing diversity in the global organisation. Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Dickens L (1994) Is the carrot better than the stick? Empl Relat 16(8)
Docherty L, Manfredi (2006) Women’s progression to senior positions in English Universities. Empl Relat 28(6):553–572
Equality and Human Rights Commission (2019) The public sector equality duty. https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/corporate-reporting/public-sector-equality-duty. Accessed 25 Mar 2019
Federal Employment and Labor Laws/Equal Pay Act of 1963 – EPA – 29 U.S. Code Chapter 8 206(d)
Fenton N (2003) Equality will not be achieved without the right resources and laws. The Guardian Education, 1 April, p 13
Fine B (1992) Women’s employment in the capitalist family. Routledge, London
Greenhaus J, Beutell N (1985) Sources of conflict between work and family roles – family studies: review yearbook. Academy of Management Review 10(1)
Hakim C (1996) Key issues in women’s work. Athlone Press, London
Heilman M (2001) Description and prescription: how gender stereotypes prevent women’s ascent up the organisational ladder. J Soc Issues 57(4)
Jacobs S (1999) Trends in women’s career patterns and in gender occupational mobility in Britain. Gend Work Organ 6(1)
Khan O 2019 Research as a tool for social justice. Address at De Montfort University, March 28
Kirton G, Greene AM (2016) The dynamics of managing diversity; a critical approach, 4th edn. Routledge, Oxford
Kirton G, Greene AM, Dean D (2007) British diversity professionals as change agents – radicals, tempered radicals or liberal reformers? Int J Hum Resour Manag 18(11)
Larwood L, Wood M (1977) Women in management. Heath, Lexington
Mallier A, Rosser M (1987) Women and the economy. Macmillan, London
Powell, G. Butterfield, A. and. Parent, J 2002 Gender and managerial stereotypes: have the times changed? J Manag 28(2):177–193
Rees T (2005) Keynote address at the 4th European conference on gender equality in higher education, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, September
Rubery J (2005) The gender pay gap – a literature review. Equal Pay and Europe. New JNCHES Equality working group. p 7
Schein V, Mueller R, Lituchy T, Liu J (1996) Think manager-think male: a global phenomenon? Inst J Organ Behav 17
Scottish Funding Council (2006) Gender in Scottish higher education: what’s the issue? SFC Publications, Edinburgh
Stroh L, Langlands C, Simpson P (2004) Shattering the glass ceiling in the new millennium. In: Stockdale MS, Crosby FJ (eds) The psychology and management of workplace diversity. Blackwell Publishing. Washington, USA
Thomas R, Davies A (2002) Gender and new public management: reconstituting academic subjectivities. Gend Work Organ 9
Torrington D, Hall L (1998) Human resource management. Prentice Hall, London
United Nations 2019 About the sustainable development goals. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/. Accessed 28 Mar 2019
Yanez J, Moreno M (2008) Women leaders as agents of change in higher education organizations. Gend Manag 23(2):86–102
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Bradshaw, C. (2020). Gender Imbalance in Academic Careers. In: Leal Filho, W., Azul, A., Brandli, L., Özuyar, P., Wall, T. (eds) Gender Equality. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70060-1_57-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70060-1_57-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-70060-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-70060-1
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Earth and Environm. ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Earth and Environmental Sciences