Introduction
Alcohol is a substance that people have consumed from time immemorial. Numerous examples from ancient literatures and myths allude to alcohol consumption as a part of cultural celebrations. In some societies rituals and ceremonies were not complete without alcohol use. However, “enduring alcohol consumption and the passing down of this habit through generations does not adequately explain why alcohol is consumed” (Freeman and Parry 2006). What certainly have changed over the years are the patterns of alcohol use. Available evidence suggests that the quantity of alcohol consumed is far greater today than in earlier times (Freeman and Parry 2006). The 2004 World Health Organization (WHO) estimate of the people who consume alcohol around the world stands at two billion (World Health Organization 2014).
People take alcohol in three main kinds of beverages. The first category of beverage is beers, made from grains through fermentation and brewing. Normally, beers have between...
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Further Reading
McDowell, J., & Hostetler, B. (1996). The handbook on counseling youth: A comprehensive guide for equipping youth, workers, pastors, teachers, parents. Nashville/Dallas/Mexico City: Thomas Nelson INP Publishers.
Milhorn, T. H. (1994). Drug and alcohol abuse: Authoritative guide for parents, teachers, and counselors. New York: Plenum Press.
Nordegren, T. (2002). The A-Z encyclopedia of alcohol and drug abuse. Parkland: Brown Walker Press.
Thombs, L. D. (2006). Introduction to addictive behaviors (3rd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Office of the Surgeon General. (2016). Facing addiction in America: The Surgeon General’s report on alcohol, drugs, and health. Washington, DC: HHS.
Wood, D. (2000). A review of research on alcohol and drug use, criminal behavior, and the criminal justice system response in American Indian and Alaska Native communities. Vancouver: Washington State University.
World Health Organization. (2014). Global status report on alcohol and health 2014. Luxemburg: WHO.
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Omona, D.A. (2020). Alcohol Abuse and Addiction. In: Romaniuk, S., Thapa, M., Marton, P. (eds) The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_515-1
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