Skip to main content

Pediatric Orthopedic Trauma

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Pediatric Surgery

Abstract

Skeletal trauma forms a major part of pediatric orthopedics. Bone fractures represent one of the most common causes of hospital admissions for children. The management of pediatric fractures has evolved over the past decades and many high-quality studies and guidelines have been published to guide decision making and streamline patients care for skeletal trauma.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Andrey V, Tercier S, Vauclair F, Bregou-Bourgeois A, Lutz N, Zambelli PY. Lateral condyle fracture of the humerus in children treated with bioabsorbable materials. Sci World J. 2013;2013:1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angermann P, Lutz M, Zimmermann R, Reinhart C, Gabl M, Pechlaner S. Monteggia injuries in childhood. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir. 2000;32(4):260–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ashraf N, Meyer MH, Frick S, Meyer RA Jr. Evidence for overgrowth after mid-femoral fracture via increased RNA for mitosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;454:214–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bado JL. The Monteggia lesion. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1967;50:71–86.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bae DS, Kadiyala RK, Waters PM. Acute compartment syndrome in children: contemporary diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. J Pediatr Orthop. 2001;21(5):680–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beutel BG. Monteggia fractures in pediatric and adult populations. Orthopedics. 2012;35(2):138–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clement DA, Colton CL. Overgrowth of the femur after fracture in childhood. An increased effect in boys. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1986;68:534–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corry IS, Nicol RO. Limb length after fracture of the femoral shaft in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 1995;15:217–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cottalorda J, Béranger V, Louahem D, Camilleri JP, Launay F, Diméglio A, Bourelle S, Jouve JL, Bollini G. Salter-Harris type III and IV medial malleolar fractures: growth arrest: is it a fate? A retrospective study of 48 cases with open reduction. J Pediatr Orthop. 2008;28(6):652–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dallek M, Lorke D, Meyer-Pannwitt U, Jungbluth KH. Die periostale Knochenresorption im metaphysären Bereich des wachsenden Knochens als Wegbegleiter von Epiphysenverletzungen. Unfallchirurgie. 1988;14:57–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dallek M, Gosse H, Jungbluth KH. Korrektur nach Epiphysenverletzungen. In: Schwenzer N, Ehrenfeld M, editors. Angeborene Fehlbildungen, Entwicklungsstörungen nach Verletzungen im Wachstumsalter. Stuttgart: Thieme; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diesselhorst MM, Deck JW, Davey JP. Compartment syndrome of the upper arm after closed reduction and percutaneous pinning of a supracondylar humerus fracture. J Pediatr Orthop. 2014;34(2):e1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egol KA, Koval KJ, Zuckerman JD. Chapter: Pediatric tibia and fibula. In: Handbook of fractures. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferlic PW, Singer G, Kraus T, Eberl R. The acute compartment syndrome following fractures of the lower leg in children. Injury. 2012;43(10):1743–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fischerauer E, Heidari N, Neumayer B, Deutsch A, Weinberg AM. The spatial and temporal expression of VEGF and its receptors 1 and 2 in post-traumatic bone bridge formation of the growth plate. J Mol Histol. 2011;42(6):513–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fischerauer EE, Manninger M, Seles M, Janezic G, Pichler K, Ebner B, Weinberg AM. BMP-6 and BMPR-1a are up-regulated in the growth plate of the fractured tibia. J Orthop Res. 2013;31(3):357–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gaber S, Fischerauer EE, Fröhlich E, Janezic G, Amerstorfer F, Weinberg AM. Chondrocyte apoptosis enhanced at the growth plate: a physeal response to a diaphyseal fracture. Cell Tissue Res. 2009;335(3):539–49.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garces GL, Garcia-Castellano JM, Nogales J. Longitudinal overgrowth of bone after osteotomy in young rats: influence of bone stability. Calcif Tissue Int. 1997;60:391–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hasler CC, Laer LV. Pathophysiology of posttraumatic deformities of the lower limbs during growth. Orthopade. 2000;29:757–65.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hicks CL, von Baeyer CL, Spafford PA, van Korlaar I, Goodenough B. The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement. Pain. 2001;93(2):173–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard EW, Riccio AI. Pediatric orthopedic trauma: an evidence-based approach. Orthop Clin North Am. 2018;49(2):195–210.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard EW, Liu RW, Iobst CA. Understanding skeletal growth and predicting limb-length inequality in pediatric patients. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2019;27(9):312–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hull BR, Wingfield JJ, Stall A, et al. Pediatric acute leg compartment syndrome after peroneus longus rupture: a case series. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1097/BPB.0000000000000674.

  • Hunter JB. The principles of elastic stable intramedullary nailing in children. Injury. 2005;36(Suppl 1):A20–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jakob R, Fowles JV, Rang M, Kassab MT. Observations concerning fractures of the lateral humeral condyles in children. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1975;40:430–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jakob LV, Acklin YP, Furrer M, Sommer C. Pediatric supracondylar fractures of the humerus. Praxis (Bern 1994). 2013;102(5):285–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janezic G, Widni EE, Haxhija EQ, Stradner M, Fröhlich E, Weinberg AM. Proliferation analysis of the growth plate after diaphyseal midshaft fracture by 5′-bromo-2′-deoxy-uridine. Virchows Arch. 2010;457(1):77–85.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jawish R, Kahwaji A, Dagher G. Overgrowth of femoral fractures in childhood. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot. 2003;89:404–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnstone EW, Foster BK. The biological aspects of children’s fractures. In: Rockwood and Wilkins’ fractures in children. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones ET. Skeletal growth and development as related to trauma. In: Skeletal trauma in children. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kakagia D, Karadimas EJ, Drosos G, Ververidis A, Trypsiannis G, Verettas D. Wound closure of leg fasciotomy: comparison of vacuum-assisted closure versus shoelace technique. A randomised study. Injury. 2012;45:890–3. [Epub ahead of print].

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaya AE. Growth plate stimulation by diaphyseal fracture. Autoradiography of DNA synthesis in rats. Acta Orthop Scand. 1986;57:135–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim HH, Gauguet JM. Pediatric elbow injuries. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2018;39(4):384–96.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laer LV. Frakturen und Luxationen im Wachstumalter, 5th rev. edn. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laer LV, Kälin L, Girard T. Spätresultate nach Schaftfrakturen im Bereich der unteren Extremitäten im Wachstumsalter. Z Unfallchir Versicherungsmed Berufskr. 1989;82:209–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laer LV, Gruber R, Dallek M, Dietz HG. Classification and documentation of children’s fractures. Eur J Trauma. 2000;26:2–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee SH, Szoke G, Simpson H. Response of the physis to leg lengthening. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2001;10:339–43.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leonidou A, Pagkalos J, Lepetsos P, Antonis K, Flieger I, Tsiridis E, Leonidou O. Pediatric Monteggia fractures: a single-center study of the management of 40 patients. J Pediatr Orthop. 2012;32(4):352–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lim KB, Lim CT, Tawng DK. Supracondylar humeral fractures in children: beware the medial spike. Bone Joint J. 2013;95-B(9):1290–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Macnicol MF, Murray AW. Principles of fracture care. In: Benson M, Fixsen J, Macnicol M, Parsch K, editors. Children’s orthopaedics and fractures. 3rd ed. London/Dordrecht/Heidelberg/New York: Springer; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcheix PS, Vacquerie V, Longis B, Peyrou P, Fourcade L, Moulies D. Distal humerus lateral condyle fracture in children: when is the conservative treatment a valid option? Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2011;97(3):304–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meling T, Harboe K, Enoksen CH, Aarflot M, Arthursson AJ, Søreide K. Reliable classification of children’s fractures according to the comprehensive classification of long bone fractures by Müller. Acta Orthop. 2012;84(1):112–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Métaizeau JP. Osteosynthese chez l’enfant par Embrochage Centro-Medullaire elastique stable. Montpellier: Sauramps Medical; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milch HE. Fractures and fracture-dislocations of the humeral condyles. J Trauma. 1964;15:592–607.

    Google Scholar 

  • Navascues JA, Gonzalez-Lopez JL, Lopez-Valverde S, Soleto J, Rodriguez-Durantez JA, Garcia-Trevijano JL. Premature physeal closure after tibial diaphyseal fractures in adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000;20:193–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rang MC. Children’s fractures. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salter RB, Harris WR. Injuries involving the epiphyseal plate. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1963;45(3):587–622.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schalamon J, Petnehazy T. The management of traumatic fractures in children. Minerva Pediatr. 2009;61(2):185–92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneidmueller D, Boettger M, Laurer H, Gutsfeld P, Bühren V. Distal humerus fractures in children. Orthopade. 2013;42(11):977–87.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneidmüller D, Röder C, Kraus R, Marzi I, Kaiser M, Dietrich D, von Laer L. Development and validation of a paediatric long-bone fracture classification. A prospective multicentre study in 13 European paediatric trauma centres. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011;12:89.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schurz M, Binder H, Platzer P, Schulz M, Hajdu S, Vécsei V. Physeal injuries of the distal tibia: long-term results in 376 patients. Int Orthop. 2010;34(4):547–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shadgan B, Menon M, Sanders D, Berry G, Martin C Jr, Duffy P, Stephen D, O’Brien PJ. Current thinking about acute compartment syndrome of the lower extremity. Can J Surg. 2010;53(5):329–34.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Slongo TF. Complications and failures of the ESIN technique. Injury. 2005;36(Suppl 1):A78–85.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slongo TF, Audigé L, AO Pediatric Classification Group. Fracture and dislocation classification for children: the AO pediatric comprehensive classification of long bone fractures (PCCF). J Orthop Trauma. 2007;21:135–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stulík J, Pesl T, Kryl J, Vyskocil T, Sebesta P, Havránek P. Spinal injuries in children and adolescents. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cechoslov. 2006;73(5):313–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sulaiman AR, Joehaimy J, Iskandar MA, Anwar HM, Ezane AM, Faisham WI. Femoral overgrowth following plate fixation of the fractured femur in children. Singap Med J. 2006;47:684–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Traylor KS, Kralik SF, Radhakrishnan R. Pediatric spine emergencies. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2018;39(6):605–17.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg AM, Tscherne H. Tscherne Unfallchirurgie: Unfallchirurgie im Kindesalter. 1st ed. Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg AM, Reilmann H, Lampert C, von Laer L. Experience with external fixation in treatment of shaft fractures in childhood. Unfallchirurg. 1994;97:107–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg AM, Marzi I, Günter SM, et al. Die suprakondyläre Oberarmfraktur im Kindesalter – eine Effizienzstudie. Ergebnisse der multizentrischen Studie der Sektion Kindertraumatologie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie – Teil I: Epidemiologie, Effektivitätsprüfung und Klassifikation. Unfallchirurg. 2002;105:208–16.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkins KE. Principles of fracture remodeling in children. Injury. 2005;36(Suppl):A3–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wirth T, Syed Ali MM, Rauer C, Süß D, Griss P, Syed Ali S. The influence of local vascular regeneration on growth plate activity after defined growth plate lesions. Eur J Trauma. 2001;27:58–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang BW, Shore BJ, Rademacher E, et al. Prevalence of Cozen’s phenomenon of the proximal tibia. J Pediatr Orthop. 2019;39(6):e417–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zionts LE, Harcke HT, Brooks KM, MacEwen GD. Posttraumatic tibia valga: a case demonstrating asymmetric activity at the proximal growth plate on technetium bone scan. J Pediatr Orthop. 1987;7:458–62.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zionts LE, McKellop HA, Hathaway R. Torsional strength of pin configurations used to fix supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1994;76(2):253–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zwierzchowski TJ, Synder M, Domzalski M. Effect of femoral shaft fracture for growth of the lower extremity in children. Chir Narzadow Ruchu Ortop Pol. 2003;68:313–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Annelie-Martina Weinberg .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Weinberg, AM., Amerstorfer, E.E., Amerstorfer, F. (2020). Pediatric Orthopedic Trauma. In: Puri, P. (eds) Pediatric Surgery. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38482-0_131-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38482-0_131-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-38482-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-38482-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics