Transition Metal-Catalyzed Coupling Reaction in Ionic Liquids

Introduction

Transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions have emerged as tremendously powerful and efficient tools for the repaid and straightforward construction of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds with maximum atom and step economy, hence have become the most attractive and versatile approaches in contemporary organic synthesis in recent years. Particularly, metal complexes of palladium, copper, nickel, iron, ruthenium, cobalt, and other transition metals have been defined as markedly efficient catalysts for the assembly of highly functionalized complicated molecules in synthetic, natural products, and pharmaceuticals chemistry [1]. Generally, various conventional solvents, such as benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, and 1,2-dichloroethane, were chosen as the excellent reaction media. Despite these significant advances that have been achieved along this line, various hazardous organic solvents, such as benzene and chlorobenzene, suffer from certain weaknesses: (i)...