Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

LGBT and Ethnicity

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity

  • 323 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter reviews the literature on the intersections and links between culture, ethnicity, and sexuality. It elaborates on the multifarious themes that emerge from diverse literatures on the experiences and needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual, intersex, and queer (LGBTIQ) people from multicultural and multi-faith (MCMF) backgrounds, encompassing a range of social, political, legal, cultural, religious, and health-related issues, and with a particular focus on Australia and Asia. The emergence of research, and community consultations and projects facilitating recognition of MCMF LGBTIQ identities, experiences, and needs is an important cultural development that contributes to the securing of LGBTIQ rights in diverse social and cultural settings. Historical experiences of criminalization, racism, social ostracism, violence and intimidation, and exclusion from work and the polity have definitively shaped the lives of LGBTIQ elders, and ongoing efforts to augment the rights of individuals through processes of recognition and reconciliation are important. This chapter also includes brief snapshot accounts of progress in recognition of LGBTIQ rights (and approaches to LGBTIQ identity) in selected Asian countries. The aim is to instantiate how LGBTIQ rights and identity have been conceptualized and approached in specific political and cultural contexts. Approaches to LGBTIQ rights in diverse Asian societies are necessarily continually evolving, shaped by the vicissitudes of social change in those societies, the growing reach and ramifications of the forces of globalization and liberalization (as well as resistances to, and disruption of, these forces), and the emergence and growing traction of international human rights discourses and political frameworks.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abraham I (2009) ‘Out to get us’: queer Muslims and the clash of sexual civilisations in Australia. Contemp Islam 3:79–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adam BD (1995) The rise of a gay and lesbian movement. Twayne Publisher, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • ALGA (n.d.) Australia’s homosexual histories conferences – the Australian lesbian and gay archives. Available from https://alga.org.au/about-us/ahhconferences

  • Altman D (1971) Homosexual: oppression and liberation. New York University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Altman D (1996) Rupture or continuity? The internationalization of gay identities. Soc Text 48:77–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Altman D (1997) Global gaze/global gays. GLQ: J Lesbian Gay Stud 3(4):417–436

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Altman D (2002) Global sex. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Altman D, Symons J (2016) Queer wars. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Amado LE (2009) Sexuality and sexual rights in Muslim societies. Development 52(1):59–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anam T (2018) Transgender rights, Bangladesh style. The New York Times, 2 July

    Google Scholar 

  • Anzaldua G (1987) Borderlands/la frontera: the new mestiza. Aunt Lute Books, San Francisco

    Google Scholar 

  • Arondekar A (2005) Without a trace: sexuality and the colonial archive. J Hist Sex 14(1/2):10–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Arondekar A (2009) For the record: on sexuality and the colonial archive in India. Duke University Press, Durham

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Asal V, Sommer U, Harwood PG (2013) Original sin: a cross-national study of the legality of homosexual acts. Comp Pol Stud 46(3):320–351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bacchetta P (2002) Rescaling transnational “queerdom”: lesbian and “lesbian” identitary–positionalities in Delhi in the 1980s. Antipode 34(5):947–973

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barber L (2018) Courtney Act talks confronting her own sexual racism. Start Observer, 27 September

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker M (2018) Once ostracised, now Pakistani transgender people are running for parliament. The Guardian, 23 July

    Google Scholar 

  • Baudh S (2013) Decriminalisation of consensual same-sex sexual acts in the South Asian Commonwealth: struggles in contexts. Institute of Commonwealth Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer GR, Wayne LD (2005) Cultural sensitivity and research involving sexual minorities. Perspect Sex Reprod Health 37(1):45–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BBC (2017) Indonesian police arrest 141 men over ‘gay sex party’. BBC, 22 May

    Google Scholar 

  • Beckett S, Mohummadally A, Pallotta-Chiarolli M (2014) Queerying Muslim identities. In: Ata A (ed) Education integration challenges: the case of Australian Muslims. David Lovell, Melbourne, pp 96–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhaskaran S (2004) Made in India: decolonizations, queer sexualities, trans/national projects. Springer, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bianco M (2015) China’s bizarre fake marriage phenomenon reveals the tragic state of LGBT right. Mic, 26 January

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjorkman JW (ed) (1988) Fundamentalism, revivalists and violence in South Asia. Riverdale Company, Riverdale

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackwell C, Birnholtz J, Abbott C (2015) Seeing and being seen: co-situation and impression formation using Grindr, a location-aware gay dating app. New Media Soc 17(7):1117–1136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boellstorff T (2005) The gay archipelago: sexuality and nation in Indonesia. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  • Bong YD (2008) The gay rights movement in democratizing Korea. Korean Stud 32:86–103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bose B, Bhattacharyya S (eds) (2007) The phobic and the erotic: the politics of sexualities in contemporary India. Seagull Books Pvt Ltd, Kolkata

    Google Scholar 

  • Bostwick WB et al (2014) Mental health and suicidality among racially/ethnically diverse sexual minority youths. Am J Public Health 104(6):1129–1136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyce P, Coyle D (2013) Development, discourse and law: transgender and same-sex sexualities in Nepal. Institute of Development Studies, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Braithwaite JB (2015) Gender, class, resilient power: Nepal lessons in transformation. RegNet research paper no. 2015/92. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2685495

    Google Scholar 

  • Brownell C (2009) Rethinking Malaysia’s sodomy laws. The Nut Graph, 26 July

    Google Scholar 

  • Brubaker R, Cooper F (2000) Beyond ‘identity’. Theory Soc 29(1):1–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burger R (2013) China’s ‘homowives’. Huffington Post, 7 October

    Google Scholar 

  • Callander D, Holt M, Newman CE (2012) Just a preference: racialised language in the sex-seeking profiles of gay and bisexual men. Cult Health Sex 14(9):1049–1063

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Callander D, Newman CE, Holt M (2015) Is sexual racism really racism? Distinguishing attitudes toward sexual racism and generic racism among gay and bisexual men. Arch Sex Behav 44(7):1991–2000

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Callander D, Holt M, Newman CE (2016) Not everyone’s gonna like me’: accounting for race and racism in sex and dating web services for gay and bisexual men. Ethnicities 16(1):3–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caluya G (2008) The rice steamer: race, desire and affect in Sydney’s gay scene. Aust Geogr 39(3):283–292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carbado DW (2017) Black rights, gay rights, civil rights. In: Sexuality and equality law. Routledge, New York, pp 305–328

    Google Scholar 

  • Cass VC (1979) Homosexuality identity formation: a theoretical model. J Homosex 4(3):219–235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chakrapani V (2010) Hijras/transgender women in India: HIV, human rights and social exclusion. United Nations Development Programme, Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan CS (1995) Issues of sexual identity in an ethnic minority: the case of Chinese American lesbians, gay men, and bisexual people. In: D’Augelli AR, Patterson CJ (eds) Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities over the lifespan: psychological perspectives. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 87–101

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Chang S, Apostle D (2008) Recommendations from the 2004 AGMC conference. Gay Lesbian Issues Psychol Rev 4(1):56–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase T (2012) Problems of publicity: online activism and discussion of same-sex sexuality in South Korea and China. Asian Stud Rev 36(2):151–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng YHA, Wu FCF, Adamczyk A (2016) Changing attitudes toward homosexuality in Taiwan, 1995–2012. Chin Sociol Rev 48(4):317–345

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chhachhi A (1989) The state, religious fundamentalism and women: trends in South Asia. Econ Polit Wkly 24:567–578

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiang H (2010) Epistemic modernity and the emergence of homosexuality in China. Gend Hist 22(3):629–657

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cho J (2009) The Wedding Banquet revisited: ‘contract marriages’ between Korean gays and lesbians. Anthropol Q 82:401–422

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chugtai I (1942, 1990) The Quilt and other short stories (trans: Naqvi T, Harneed S). Kali For Women, Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Chung L (2018) Taiwan’s image as Asia’s LGBT rights beacon takes a hit as same-sex marriage referendum fails. South China Morning Post, 25 November

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke D (2013) Twice removed: African invisibility in Western queer theory. In: Ekine S, Abbas H (eds) Queer African reader. Pambazuka Press, Nairobi, pp 173–185

    Google Scholar 

  • Clendinen D, Nagourney A (2001) Out for good: the struggle to build a gay rights movement in America. Simon and Schuster, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Cochran SD, Mays VM (2007) Physical health complaints among lesbians, gay men, and bisexual and homosexually experienced heterosexual individuals: results from the California. Am J Public Health 97:2048–2055

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman EJ, Chou WS (2013) Tongzhi: politics of same-sex eroticism in Chinese societies. Routledge, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Corboz J et al (2008) Feeling queer and blue: a review of the literature on depression and related issues among gay, lesbian, bisexual and other homosexually active people. ARCSHS, La Trobe University, Melbourne

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox S, Gallois C (1996) Gay and lesbian identity development: a social identity perspective. J Homosex 30(4):1–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crenshaw K (2012) On intersectionality: the essential writings of Kimberle Crenshaw. New Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalacoura K (2014) Homosexuality as battleground in the Middle East: culture and postcolonial international theory. Third World Q 35(7):1290–1306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dasgupta RK (2014) Articulating dissident citizenship, belonging, and queerness on cyberspace. South Asian Rev 35(3):203–223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dave NN (2012) Queer activism in India: a story in the anthropology of ethics. Duke University Press, Durham

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Davis G (2014) The power in a name: diagnostic terminology and diverse experiences. Psychol Sex 5(1):15–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Driskill QL (2010) Doubleweaving two-spirit critiques: building alliances between native and queer studies. GLQ: J Lesbian Gay Stud 16(1–2):69–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Driskill QL (ed) (2011) Queer indigenous studies: critical interventions in theory, politics, and literature. University of Arizona Press, Tucson

    Google Scholar 

  • Du Bois WEB (1903) The souls of black folk: essays and sketches. New American Library, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Duan R (2017) My three weddings: life as a gay man in China. ABC News, 18 December

    Google Scholar 

  • Dudrah R (2012) Bollywood travels: culture, diaspora and border crossings in popular Hindi cinema. Routledge, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Duruz A (1999) ‘Sister outsider’, or ‘just another thing I am’: intersections of cultural and sexual identities in Australia. In: Jackson P, Sullivan G (eds) Multicultural queer Australian narratives. Harrington Park Press, New York, p 169

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutta A, Roy R (2014) Decolonizing transgender in India: some reflections. Transgender Stud Q 1(3):320–337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Economist (2017) Chinese attitudes towards gay rights. The Economist, 6 June

    Google Scholar 

  • Eidhamar LG (2014) Is gayness a test from Allah?: typologies in Muslim stances on homosexuality. Islam Christ Muslim Relat 25(2):245–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ekine S (2013) Contesting narratives of queer Africa. In: Ekine S, Abbas H (eds) Queer African reader. Pambazuka Press, Nairobi, pp 78–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Emslie M (2005) Alphabet soup: CALD, SSAY, NESB, GLBTI: working with ethnic communities. In: Pallotta-Chiarolli M (ed) When our children come out: how to support gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgendered young people. Finch, Sydney, pp 212–215

    Google Scholar 

  • Eng DL, Hom AY (eds) (1998) Q & A: queer in Asian America. Temple University Press, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Engebretsen EL, Schroeder WF, Bao H (eds) (2015) Queer/Tongzhi China: new perspectives on research, activism and media cultures. Gendering Asia series. NIAS Press, Copenhagen

    Google Scholar 

  • Fanon F (1961) The wretched of the earth (trans: Philcox R). Grove, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez B (ed) (2002) Humjinsi: a resource book on lesbian, gay, and bisexual rights in India. India Centre for Human Rights and Law, Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Fokkema T, Kuyper L (2009) The relation between social embeddedness and loneliness among older lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the Netherlands. Arch Sex Behav 38(2):264–275

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs LH (1990) The American kaleidoscope: race, ethnicity, and the civic culture. Wesleyan University Press, Middletown

    Google Scholar 

  • Gahan L, Jones T, Hillier L (2014) An unresolved journey: religious discourse and same-sex attracted and gender-questioning young people. In: Piedmont RL, Village A (eds) Research in the social scientific study of religion. Brill, Leiden, pp 202–229

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ganguly M (2017) India’s Supreme Court upholds right to privacy. Human Rights Watch, 24 August

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldin PR (2002) The culture of sex in ancient China. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomez SL, McFarlane MD (2017) ‘It’s not handled’: race, gender and refraction in scandal. Fem Media Stud 17(3):362–376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gopalkrishnan C (2016) I can make a change: a rose by any other name. Social cohesion policy brief, 7. Ethnic Communities Council of Victoria (ECCV), Melbourne

    Google Scholar 

  • Gopinath G (1997) Nostalgia, desire, diaspora: South Asian sexualities in motion. Positions 5(2):467–489

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gopinath G (1998) On fire. GLQ: J Lesbian Gay Stud 4(4):631–636

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gopinath G (2000) Queering Bollywood: alternative sexualities in popular Indian cinema. J Homosex 39(3–4):283–297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gopinath G (2005) Impossible desires: queer diasporas and South Asian public cultures. Duke University Press, Durham

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Graham-Harrison E, Hammadi S (2016) Inside Bangladesh’s killing fields: bloggers and outsiders targeted by fanatics. The Guardian, 12 June

    Google Scholar 

  • Grewal I, Kaplan C (2001) Global identities: theorizing transnational studies of sexuality. GLQ: J Lesbian Gay Stud 7(4):663–679

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths M, Hasan M (2015) Playing with fire: Islamism and politics in Bangladesh. Asian J Pol Sci 23(2):226–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Guibernaut M (2013) Belonging: solidarity and division in modern societies. Polity, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta A (2006) Section 377 and the dignity of Indian homosexuals. Econ Polit Wkly 41:4815–4823

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta A (2008) This alien legacy: the origins of ‘sodomy’ laws in British colonialism. Human Rights Watch, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Habib S (2009) Islam and homosexuality. ABC-CLIO, California

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammadi S (2016) ‘Anyone could become a target’: wave of Islamist killings hits Bangladesh. The Guardian, 1 May

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammoud-Beckett S (2007) Azima ila hayati – an invitation into my life: narrative conversations about sexual identity. Int J Narrat Therapy Community Work 1:29–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Han CS (2007) They don’t want to cruise your type: gay men of color and the racial politics of exclusion. Soc Identities 13(1):51–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Han CS (2008) No fats, femmes, or Asians: the utility of critical race theory in examining the role of gay stock stories in the marginalization of gay Asian men. Contemp Justice Rev 11(1):11–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris AC (2009) Marginalization by the marginalized: race, homophobia, heterosexism, and ‘the problem of the 21st century’. J Gay Lesbian Soc Serv 21(4):430–448

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris A (2011) Teaching diversities: same-sex attracted young people, CALD communities and arts-based community engagement. Centre for Multicultural Youth, Melbourne

    Google Scholar 

  • Hashim A (2018) Pakistan passes landmark transgender rights law. Al Jazeera, 10 May

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinsch B (1990) Passions of the cut sleeve: the male homosexual tradition in China. University of California Press, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Ho L (2009) Gay and lesbian subculture in urban China. Routledge, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hodge D (ed) (2015) Colouring the rainbow: black queer and trans perspectives: life stories and essays by first nations people of Australia. Wakefield Press, Melbourne

    Google Scholar 

  • Honneth A (1996) The struggle for recognition: the moral grammar of social conflicts. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Honneth A (2001) Recognition or redistribution? Theory Cult Soc 18(2–3):43–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hooghe M, Dejaeghere Y, Claes E, Quintelier E (2010) ‘Yes, but suppose everyone turned gay?’: the structure of attitudes toward gay and lesbian rights among Islamic youth in Belgium. J LGBT Youth 7(1):49–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horton P, Rydstrøm H, Tonini M (2015) Contesting heteronormativity: the fight for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender recognition in India and Vietnam. Cult Health Sex 17(9):1059–1073

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu CY, Yen CF (2017) Taiwan: pioneer of the health and well-being of sexual minorities in Asia. Arch Sex Behav 46(6):1577–1579

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu E (2017) For South Korea’s LGBT community, an uphill battle for rights. NPR, 25 July

    Google Scholar 

  • Human Rights Watch (2014) Singapore: court ruling a major setback for gay rights. Human Rights Watch, 29 October

    Google Scholar 

  • Human Rights Watch (2016) These political games ruin our lives. Human Rights Watch, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt K, Tsui K (2017) Taiwan step closer to being first in Asia for same-sex marriage. CNN, 24 May

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutson JA, Taft JG, Barocas S, Levy K (2018) Debiasing desire: addressing bias & discrimination on intimate platforms. Proc ACM Hum Comput Interact 2(CSCW):73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Icard LD (1986) Black gay men and conflicting social identities: sexual orientation versus racial identity. J Soc Work Hum Sex 4(1–2):83–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson PA (1995) Dear uncle go: male homosexuality in Thailand. Bua Luang Books, Bangkok

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson PA, Sullivan G (eds) (1999a) Multicultural queer: Australian narratives. Harrington Park Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson PA, Sullivan G (1999b) Lady boys, tom boys, rent boys: male and female homosexualities in contemporary Thailand (No. 2–3). Psychology Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson PA, Sullivan G (1999c) A panoply of roles: sexual and gender diversity in contemporary Thailand. J Gay Lesbian Soc Serv 9(2–3):1–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaspal R, Cinnirella M (2010) Coping with potentially incompatible identities: accounts of religious, ethnic, and sexual identities from British Pakistani men who identify as Muslim and gay. Br J Soc Psychol 49:849–870

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaspal R, Cinnirella M (2014) Hyper-affiliation to the religious in-group among British Pakistani Muslim gay men. J Community Appl Soc Psychol 24:265–277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson C, Paternotte D, Tremblay M (eds) (2011) The lesbian and gay movement and the state: comparative insights into a transformed relationship. Ashgate Publishing, Farnham

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones RH (1999) Mediated action and sexual risk: searching for ‘culture’ in discourses of homosexuality and AIDS prevention in China. Cult Health Sex 1(2):161–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones RH (2007) Imagined comrades and imaginary protections: identity, community and sexual risk among men who have sex with men in China. J Homosex 53(3):83–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalra G (2012) Hijras: the unique transgender culture of India. Int J Cult Ment Health 5(2):121–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kamjan C (2014) Gays still face a battle, report says. Bangkok Post, 17 September

    Google Scholar 

  • Käng DBC (2012) Kathoey “in trend”: emergent genderscapes, national anxieties and the re-signification of male-bodied effeminacy in Thailand. Asian Stud Rev 36(4):475–494

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kapur R (2001) Postcolonial erotic disruptions: legal narratives of culture, sex, and nation in India. Columbia J Gend Law 10(2):333

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapur R (2017) Postcolonial erotic disruptions: legal narratives of culture, sex, and nation in India. Pop Cult Law 10(2):61–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kassisieh G (2012) ‘We’re family too’: the effects of homophobia in Arabic-speaking communities in NSW. ACON (AIDS Council of NSW), Sydney

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaur R, Mazzarella W (eds) (2009) Censorship in South Asia: cultural regulation from sedition to seduction. Indiana University Press, Bloomington

    Google Scholar 

  • Kavi AR (2000) The changing image of the hero in Hindi films. J Homosex 39(3–4):307–312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan S (2001) Culture, sexualities, and identities: men who have sex with men in India. J Homosex 40(3–4):99–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan SI, Hussain MI, Parveen S, Bhuiyan MI, Gourab G, Sarker GF, Arafat SM, Sikder J (2009) Living on the extreme margin: social exclusion of the transgender population (hijra) in Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr 27(4):441

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim HJ, Fredriksen-Goldsen KI (2012) Hispanic lesbians and bisexual women at heightened. Am J Public Health 102:e9–e15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King M et al (2008) A systematic review of mental disorder, suicide, and deliberate self-harm in lesbian, gay and bisexual people. BMC Psychiatry 8(1):70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knight K (2017) How did Nepal become a global LGBT rights beacon? World Politics Review, 11 August

    Google Scholar 

  • Kole SK (2007) Globalizing queer? AIDS, homophobia and the politics of sexual identity in India. Glob Health 3(1):8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kosnick K (2011) Sexuality and migration studies: the invisible, the oxymoronic and heteronormative othering. In: Lutz H, Herrera Vivar MT, Supik L (eds) Framing intersectionality: debates on a multi-faceted concept in gender studies. Ashgate, Surrey, pp 121–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Krieger N et al (1993) Racism, sexism and social class: implications for studies of health, disease and well-being. Am J Prev Med 9(suppl):82–122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kulpa R, Mizielinska J (2016) ‘Contemporary peripheries’: queer studies, circulation of knowledge and East/West divide. In: De-centring Western sexualities. Routledge, pp 23–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuyper L, Fokkema T (2010) Loneliness among older lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults: the role of minority stress. Arch Sex Behav 39(5):1171–1180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Law B (2012) Gaysia: adventures in the queer east. Black Inc., Melbourne

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee JC (2012) Sexuality rights activism in Malaysia. In: Social activism in Southeast Asia. Routledge, London, p 170

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee PH (2016) LGBT rights versus Asian values: de/re-constructing the universality of human rights. Int J Hum Rights 20(7):978–992

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Light B, Fletcher G, Adam A (2008) Gay men, Gaydar and the commodification of difference. Inf Technol People 21(3):300–314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lim SH (2006) Celluloid comrades: representations of male homosexuality in contemporary Chinese cinemas. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu

    Google Scholar 

  • Limsamarnphun N (2018) More rights for same-sex couples. The Nation. Retrieved 24 November

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu JX, Choi K (2006) Experiences of social discrimination among men who have sex with men in Shanghai, China. AIDS Behav 10(1):25–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lorde A (1999) There is no hierarchy of oppressions. In: Brandt E (ed) Dangerous liaisons: blacks, gays and the struggle for equality. New Press, New York, pp 306–307

    Google Scholar 

  • Low L, Pallotta-Chiarolli M (2015) ‘And yet we are still excluded’: reclaiming multicultural queer histories and engaging with contemporary multicultural queer realities. In: Mansouri F (ed) Cultural, religious and political contestations: the multicultural challenge. Springer, Basil, pp 169–184

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Luibhéid E (2008) Queer/migration: an unruly body of scholarship. GLQ: J Lesbian Gay Stud 14(2):169–190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lunsing W (2005) LGBT rights in Japan. Peace Rev: J Soc Justice 17(2–3):143–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahapatra D (2013) Supreme Court makes homosexuality a crime again. The Times of India, 12 December

    Google Scholar 

  • Marmot M, Wilkinson R (eds) (2009) Social determinants of health, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • McConnell-Ginet S (2003) What’s in a name? Social labelling and gender practices. In: The handbook of language and gender. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 69–97

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • McLelland MJ (2005) Male homosexuality in modern Japan: cultural myths and social realities. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Mejia-Canales D, Leonard W (2016) ‘Something for them’: meeting the support needs of same-sex attracted and sex and gender diverse young people who are recently arrived, refugees or asylum seekers. ARCSHS, La Trobe University, Melbourne

    Google Scholar 

  • Menon N (ed) (1999) Gender and politics in India. Oxford University Press, Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Menon N (ed) (2007a) Sexualities, vol 5. Kali, Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Menon N (2007b) Outing heteronormativity: nation, citizen, feminist disruptions. In: Menon N (ed) Sexualities. Kali, Delhi, pp 3–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Menon N (2009) Sexuality, caste, governmentality: contests over ‘gender’ in India. Fem Rev 91(1):94–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer IH (2003) Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychol Bull 129(5):674–697

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michelraj M (2015) Historical evolution of transgender community in India. Asian Rev Soc Sci 4(1):17–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Mills TC et al (2001) Health-related characteristics of men who have sex with men: a comparison of those living in ‘gay ghettos’ with those living elsewhere. Am J Public Health 91(6):980–983

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miranda DA, Driskill QL, Justice DH, Tatonetti L (2011) Sovereign erotics: a collection of two-spirit literature. University of Arizona Press, Tuscon

    Google Scholar 

  • Misawa M (2010) Queer race pedagogy for educators in higher education: dealing with power dynamics and positionality of LGBTQ students of color. Int J Crit Pedagogy 3(1):26–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishra A (2012) Islamic fundamentalism in South Asia: a comparative study of Pakistan and Bangladesh. India Q 68(3):283–296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Misra G (2009) Decriminalising homosexuality in India. Reprod Health Matters 17(34):20–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitra R (2010) Resisting the spectacle of pride: queer Indian bloggers as interpretive communities. J Broadcast Electron Media 54(1):163–178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moi T (1995) Sexual, textual politics. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Mosbergen D (2015a) Being LGBT in Southeast Asia: stories of abuse, survival, and tremendous courage. The Huffington Post

    Google Scholar 

  • Mosbergen D (2015b) Vietnam has been praised as a leader in LGBT rights; activists beg to differ. Huffington Post, 19 October

    Google Scholar 

  • Mowlabocus S (2016) Gaydar culture: gay men, technology and embodiment in the digital age. Routledge, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Müller A (2017) Beyond ‘invisibility’: queer intelligibility and symbolic annihilation in healthcare. Cult Health Sex 9(1):1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Muñoz JE (1999) Disidentifications: queers of color and the performance of politics, 2nd edn. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray SO, Roscoe W (1997) Islamic homosexualities: culture, history and literature. New York University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Nair R, Rajkhowa A (2017) Multiple identities and their intersections with queer health and wellbeing. J Intercult Stud 38(4):443–452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nanda S (2015) Hijras. In: Whelehan P, Bolin A (eds) The international encyclopedia of human sexuality. Wiley-Blackwell, New Jersey, pp 501–581

    Google Scholar 

  • Narrain A (2004) The articulation of rights around sexuality and health: subaltern queer cultures in India in the era of Hindutva. Health Hum Rights 7:142–164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Narrain A (2007) Queer struggles around the law: the contemporary context. In: Menon N (ed) Sexualities. Zed Books, London/New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Narrain A, Bhan G (eds) (2005) Because I have a voice. Queer politics in India. Yoda Press, Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Ndashe S (2013) The single story of ‘African homophobia’ is dangerous for activism. In: Ekine S, Abbas H (eds) Queer African reader. Pambazuka Press, Nairobi, pp 155–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Neilands TB, Steward WT, Choi KH (2008) Assessment of stigma towards homosexuality in China: a study of men who have sex with men. Arch Sex Behav 37(5):838

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ng V (1989) Homosexuality and the state in late imperial China. In: Hidden from history: reclaiming the gay and lesbian past. Meridien, New York, pp 76–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Noto O, Leonard W, Mitchell A (2014) ‘Nothing for them’: understanding the support needs of LGBT young people from refugee and newly arrived backgrounds. Monograph series no. 94. ARCSHS, La Trobe University, Melbourne

    Google Scholar 

  • Offord B (2003) Homosexual rights as human rights: activism in Indonesia, Singapore, and Australia. Peter Lang, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Offord B, Cantrell L (2001) Homosexual rights as human rights in Indonesia and Australia. J Homosex 40(3&4):233–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Om J (2018) Dealing with racism in gay online dating. ABC News, 30 November 2018

    Google Scholar 

  • Osumi M (2018) Tokyo adopts ordinance banning discrimination against LGBT community. Japan Times, 5 October

    Google Scholar 

  • Oswin N (2014) Queer time in global city Singapore: neoliberal futures and the ‘freedom to love’. Sexualities 17(4):412–433

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pallotta-Chiarolli M (2004) From difference to diversity: exploring the social determinants of youth health. In: Keleher H, Murphy B (eds) Understanding health: a determinants approach. Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, pp 289–296

    Google Scholar 

  • Pallotta-Chiarolli M (2005a) Ethnic identity. In: Sears JT (ed) Youth, education, and sexualities: an international encyclopaedia. Greenwood Publishing Group, Westport, pp 303–306

    Google Scholar 

  • Pallotta-Chiarolli M (ed) (2005b) When our children come out: how to support gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgendered young people. Finch, Sydney

    Google Scholar 

  • Pallotta-Chiarolli M (2008) Guest editorial. Gay and Lesbian Issues and Psychology Special Edition: Papers from the AGMC Conferences, 4(1), 2–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Pallotta-Chiarolli M (2016) Supporting same-sex attracted and gender diverse young people of multicultural and multifaith backgrounds: executive summary and full research report. Equality Branch of the Department of Premier and Cabinet, Melbourne

    Google Scholar 

  • Pallotta-Chiarolli M (ed) (2018) Multicultural queer Australia: then, now, future. Wakefield Press, Adelaide

    Google Scholar 

  • Pallotta-Chiarolli M, Pease B (2014) The politics of recognition and social justice: transforming subjectivities and new forms of resistance. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Pallotta-Chiarolli M, Rajkhowa A (2017) Systemic invisibilities, institutional culpabilities and multicultural-multifaith LGBTIQ resistances. J Intercult Stud 38(4):429–442

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer J (2018) It’s still (just about) OK to be gay in China. Foreign Policy, 17 April

    Google Scholar 

  • Panthi K (2016) LGBTI rights in Nepal: few steps forward, one step backward. Huffington Post, 5 September

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker R (2002) The global HIV/AIDS pandemic, structural inequalities, and the politics of international health. Am J Public Health 92(3):343–347

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park-Kim SJ, Lee-Kim SY, Kwon-Lee EJ (2007) The lesbian rights movement and feminism in South Korea. J Lesbian Stud 10(3–4):161–190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Penney T (2014) Bodies under glass: gay dating apps and the affect-image. Media Int Aust 153(1):107–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piot P, Bartos M, Ghys PD, Walker N, Schwartländer B (2001) The global impact of HIV/AIDS. Nature 410(6831):968

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pisani E (2010) The wisdom of whores: bureaucrats, brothels and the business of AIDS. Granta Books, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Poljski C (2011) Coming out, coming home or inviting people in? Supporting same-sex attracted women from immigrant and refugee communities. Multicultural Centre for Women’s Health, Melbourne

    Google Scholar 

  • Probyn E (1996) Outside belongings. Routledge, New York/London

    Google Scholar 

  • Puri J (2002) Woman, body, desire in post-colonial India: narratives of gender and sexuality. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyke K (2010) An intersectional approach to resistance and complicity: the case of racialised desire among Asian American women. J Intercult Stud 31(1):81–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qian J, Thanh Hang P, Rajkhowa A (2015) Queering the air. In: Hardy D, Whiley E (eds) Bold: stories from older lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex people. The Rag and Bone Man Press, Melbourne, pp 228–231

    Google Scholar 

  • Queering the Air (2015) We weren’t born yesterday. 3CR Community Radio, Melbourne. Available from: http://www.3cr.org.au/wewerentbornyesterday

  • Race K (2015) Speculative pragmatism and intimate arrangements: online hook-up devices in gay life. Cult Health Sex 17(4):496–511

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman R (2017) No country for Bangladesh’s gay men. The New York Times

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajkhowa (2014) Through the looking glass – internalised racism and desire: a migrant’s perspective from Australia. Words Apart Magazine, 17 May

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajkhowa A (2015) The contradictions in LGBTQI rights in India. Overland, 21 August

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajkhowa A (2017) We weren’t born yesterday: reflections on a radio documentary series. J Aust Stud 41(3):380–387

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rajkhowa A (2018) Anwar Ibrahim’s rebirth and Malaysia’s LGBT+ rights. Pursuit, 27 May

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajkhowa A, Thompson JD (2015) Difficult belongings. Text 31:1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Ratti R (ed) (1993) A lotus of another color: an unfolding of the South Asian gay and lesbian experience. Alyson Publications, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Redding JA (2012) From ‘she-males’ to ‘unix’: transgender rights and the productive paradoxes of Pakistani policing. In: Berti D, Bordia D (eds) Regimes of legality: ethnography of criminal cases in South Asia. Oxford University Press, London, p 258

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy V (2006) Decriminalisation of homosexuality in post-apartheid South Africa: a brief legal case history review from sodomy to marriage. Agenda 20(67):146–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Rehman J, Polymenopoulou E (2013) Is green a part of the rainbow: sharia, homosexuality, and LGBT rights in the Muslim world. Fordham Int Law J 37:1

    Google Scholar 

  • Rich TS, Webb N (2018) South Korea’s slow shift toward LGBT tolerance. The News Lens, 27 February

    Google Scholar 

  • Rifkin M (2010) When did Indians become straight?: kinship, the history of sexuality, and native sovereignty. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Rifkin M (2012) The erotics of sovereignty: queer native writing in the era of self-determination. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Riggs DW (2013) Anti-Asian sentiment amongst a sample of white Australian men on gaydar. Sex Roles 68(11–12):768–778

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ro A, Ayala G, Paul J, Choi KH (2013) Dimensions of racism and their impact on partner selection among men of colour who have sex with men: understanding pathways to sexual risk. Cult Health Sex 15(7):836–850

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson BA (2015) “Personal preference” as the new racism: gay desire and racial cleansing in cyberspace. Sociol Race Ethn 1(2):317–330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson RK, Frost DM (2017) LGBT equality and sexual racism. Fordham Law Rev 86:2739

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosario VA (1997) Science and homosexualities. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Roy A (2007) Nepal Supreme Court directs govt to safeguard gay rights. Hindustan Times, 23 December

    Google Scholar 

  • Safi M (2018) Campaigners celebrate as India decriminalises homosexuality. Guardian, 7 September

    Google Scholar 

  • Sala IM (2018) Gay sex in China: where communist puritanism meets colonial baggage. The South China Morning Post, 15 September

    Google Scholar 

  • Samuel K (2018) The Scourge of Sexual Racism: the destructive potential of unexamined racism. Medium, 27 July

    Google Scholar 

  • Savin-Williams R (1998) ‘...And then I became gay’: young men’s stories. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Shah SP (2015) Queering critiques of neoliberalism in India: urbanism and inequality in the era of transnational “LGBTQ” rights. Antipode 47(3):635–651

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shannahan DS (2010) Some queer questions from a Muslim faith perspective. Sexualities 13(6):671–684

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma A (2008) Decriminalising queer sexualities in India: a multiple streams analysis. Soc Policy Soc 7(4):419–431

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd C (2018) Chinese activists renew push for same-sex marriage in their thousands. Reuters, 12 September

    Google Scholar 

  • Shilts R (2007) And the band played on: politics, people, and the AIDS epidemic, 20th-anniversary edition. Griffin, St. Martin’s

    Google Scholar 

  • Siraf A (2012) I don’t want to taint the name of Islam’: the influence of religion on the lives of Muslim lesbians. J Lesbian Stud 16(4):449–467

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siraj A (2014) Islam, homosexuality and gay Muslims: bridging the gap between faith and sexuality. In: Taylor Y, Snowdon R (eds) Queering religion, religious queers. Routledge, London, pp 194–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith ER (1993) Social identity and social emotions: toward new conceptualizations of prejudice. In: Mackie DM, Hamilton DL (eds) Affect, cognition and stereotyping. Academic, San Diego, pp 297–315

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Smith A (2010) Queer theory and native studies: the heteronormativity of settler colonialism. GLQ: J Lesbian and Gay Stud 16(1–2):41–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snorton CR (2017) Black on both sides: a racial history of trans identity. Universisty of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Song Y, Li X, Zhang L, Fang X, Lin X, Liu Y, Stanton B (2011) HIV-testing behavior among young migrant men who have sex with men (MSM) in Beijing, China. AIDS Care 23(2):179–186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stokel-Walker C (2018) Why is it OK for online daters to block whole ethnic groups? Guardian, 30 September

    Google Scholar 

  • Subramanian S (2015) The Indian Supreme Court ruling in Koushal v. Naz: judicial deference or judicial abdication. Geo Wash Int’l Law Rev 47:711

    Google Scholar 

  • Sukthankar A (2005) Complicating gender: rights of transsexuals in India. In: Narrain A, Bhan G (eds) Because I have a voice: queer politics in India. Yoda Press, Delhi, pp 164–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan G, Jackson PA (2013) Gay and lesbian Asia: culture, identity, community. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Suroyo G, Greenfield C (2014) Strict sharia forces gays into hiding in Indonesia’s Aceh. Reuters, 27 December

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamagawa M (2016) Same-sex marriage in Japan. J GLBT Fam Stud 12(2):160–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tamale S (ed) (2011) African sexualities: a reader. Pambazuka Press, Cape Town

    Google Scholar 

  • The Economist (2018) How India decriminalised homosexuality. The Economist, 12 September

    Google Scholar 

  • Topsfield J (2017) Indonesian court rejects push to outlaw extramarital and gay sex. Sydney Morning Herald, 14 December

    Google Scholar 

  • Truong K (2018a) Asian-American man plans lawsuit to stop ‘sexual racism’ on Grindr. NBC News, 14 July

    Google Scholar 

  • Truong K (2018b) After ‘sexual racism’ accusations, gay dating app Grindr gets ‘Kindr’. NBC News, 23 September

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuchman G (2000) The symbolic annihilation of women by the mass media. In: Crothers L, Lockhart C (eds) Culture and politics: a reader. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, pp 150–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Ungku F (2018) Singapore DJ files court challenge against gay sex ban after India ruling. Reuters, 12 September

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanita R (2013) Queering India: same-sex love and eroticism in Indian culture and society. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanita R, Kidwai S (eds) (2008) Same-sex love in India: a literary history. Penguin Books, Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitiello G (2011) The libertine’s friend: homosexuality and masculinity in late imperial China. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wade M (2017) Swiping left to sexual racism in Australia’s gay community. Star Observer, 10 April

    Google Scholar 

  • Wah-Shan C (2001) Homosexuality and the cultural politics of Tongzhi in Chinese societies. J Homosex 40(3–4):27–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waites M (2010) Human rights, sexual orientation and the generation of childhoods: analysing the partial decriminalisation of ‘unnatural offences’ in India. Int J Hum Rights 14(6):971–993

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wei W (2007) ‘Wandering men’ no longer wander around: the production and transformation of local homosexual identities in contemporary Chengdu, China. Inter-Asia Cult Stud 8(4):572–588

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong D (2010) Hybridization and the emergence of “gay” identities in Hong Kong and in China. Vis Anthropol 24(1–2):152–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu J (2003) From “long yang” and “dui shi” to tongzhi: homosexuality in China. J Gay Lesbian Psychother 7(1–2):117–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yip AKT (2008) Researching lesbian, gay and bisexual Christians and Muslims: some thematic reflections. Sociol Res Online 13(1):1–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yongcharoenchai C (2013) The two faces of Thai tolerance. Bangkok Post, 8 September

    Google Scholar 

  • Yue A, Zubillaga-Pow J (eds) (2012) Queer Singapore: illiberal citizenship and mediated cultures, vol 1. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou YR (2006) Homosexuality, seropositivity, and family obligations: perspectives of HIV-infected men who have sex with men in China. Cult Health Sex 8(6):487–500

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

    Arjun Rajkhowa

Authors
  1. Arjun Rajkhowa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Arjun Rajkhowa .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept of Socio & Anthro, Rm 309, Univ of Canterbury Dept of Socio & Anthro, Rm 309, Christchurch, New Zealand

    Steven Ratuva

Section Editor information

  1. Department of Anthropology and Sociology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

    Steven Ratuva

  2. Macmillan Brown Centre for Pacific Studies, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

    Steven Ratuva

  3. Faculty of Education and Social Work, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, BC, Canada

    . Airini

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Rajkhowa, A. (2019). LGBT and Ethnicity. In: Ratuva, S. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0242-8_55-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0242-8_55-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-13-0242-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-13-0242-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Political Science and International StudiesReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation