Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of using sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) for citric acid (CA) production and its impact on chemical oxygen demand (COD) of SSB. Five types of SSB were used as a carbon source for CA production by A. niger, and the COD of each SSB was measured before and after the bioprocess. Results showed that all tested SSB were suitable for CA production, with maximum yields ranging from 13.01 to 56.62 g L− 1. The COD was reduced from 53 to 75.64%, indicating that the bioprocess effectively treated SSB wastes. The use of SSB as a substrate for CA production provides an alternative to traditional feedstocks, such as sugarcane and beet molasses. The low-cost and high availability of SSB makes it an attractive option for CA production. Moreover, the study demonstrated the potential of the bioprocess to simultaneously treat and reuse SSB wastes, reducing the environmental impact of the beverage industry.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
Code availability
Not applicable.
References
Alam MZ, Jamal P, Nadzir MM (2007) Bioconversion of palm oil mill effluent for citric acid production: statistical optimization of fermentation media and time by central composite design. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2007 24:7. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11274-007-9590-5
Amato A, Becci A, Beolchini F (2020) Citric acid bioproduction: the technological innovation change. Crit Rev Biotechnol 40:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2019.1709799
Bagheri A, Khodarahmi R, Mostafaie A (2014) Purification and biochemical characterisation of glucoamylase from a newly isolated Aspergillus niger: relation to starch processing. Food Chem 161:270–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2014.03.095
Baird RB, Eaton AD, Rice EW, Bridgewater L (2017) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC
Behera BC, Mishra R, Mohapatra S (2021) Microbial citric acid: production, properties, application, and future perspectives. Food Front 2:62–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.66
Comelli RN, Seluy LG, Grossmann IE, Isla MA (2015) Treatment of High-Strength Wastewater from the Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Industry by an alcoholic fermentation process. Ind Eng Chem Res 54:7687–7693. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5b00591
Dahdouh L, Wisniewski C, Ricci J et al (2016) Rheological study of orange juices for a better knowledge of their suspended solids interactions at low and high concentration. J Food Eng 174:15–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.11.008
Dhillon GS, Brar SK, Verma M, Tyagi RD (2011) Recent advances in citric acid bio-production and recovery. Food Bioproc Tech 4:505–529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-010-0399-0
El-Kamah H, Tawfik A, Mahmoud M, Abdel-Halim H (2010) Treatment of high strength wastewater from fruit juice industry using integrated anaerobic/aerobic system. Desalination 253:158–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DESAL.2009.11.013
Hossain M, Brooks JD, Maddox IS (1984) The effect of the sugar source on citric acid production by Aspergillus niger. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 19:393–397. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00454376
Ikram-Ul H, Ali S, Qadeer MA, Iqbal J (2004) Citric acid production by selected mutants of Aspergillus niger from cane molasses. Bioresour Technol 93(2):125–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2003.10.018
Kasmi M, Chatti A, Hamdi M, Trabelsi I (2016) Eco-friendly process for soft drink industries wastewater reuse as growth medium for Saccharomyces cerevisiae production. Clean Technol Environ Policy 18:2265–2278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-016-1144-9
Lal DN, Srivastava AS (1982) Effect of vitamins on Microbial Production of Citric Acid by Aspergillus niger. Zentralbl Mikrobiol 137:381–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0232-4393(82)80016-4
Lesniak W, Podgorski W (2000) Effect of amino acids and vitamins on citric acid biosynthesis. Prog Biotechnol 17:251–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-0423(00)80076-3
Mordor I CITRIC ACID MARKET - GROWTH, TRENDS, COVID-19 IMPACT FORECASTS (2020) (2021–2026). https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/citric-acid-market. Accessed on 22nd June, 2021
Mores S, Vandenberghe LP, de Magalhães Júnior S AI, et al (2021) Citric acid bioproduction and downstream processing: Status, opportunities, and challenges. Bioresour Technol 320:124426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124426
Mostafa YS, Alamri SA (2012) Optimization of date syrup for enhancement of the production of citric acid using immobilized cells of Aspergillus niger. Saudi J Biol Sci 19:241–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2012.01.004
Ozdal M, Kurbanoglu EB (2019) Citric acid production by Aspergillus niger from Agro-Industrial By-Products: molasses and chicken feather peptone. Waste Biomass Valorization 10:631–640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-018-0240-y
Roukas T, Kotzekidou P (1997) Pretreatment of date syrup to increase citric acid production. Enzyme Microb Technol 21:273–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0229(97)00041-0
Sheldon MS, Erdogan IG (2016) Multi-stage EGSB/MBR treatment of soft drink industry wastewater. Chem Eng J 285:368–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2015.10.021
Sirisansaneeyakul S, Jitbanjongkit S, Prasomsart N, Luangpituksa P (2000) Production of β-Fructofuranosidase from Aspergillus niger ATCC 20611. Agric Nat Resour 34:378–386
Statista Market Forecast (2022) Consumer markets: non-alcoholic drinks. https://www.statista.com/outlook/cmo/non-alcoholic-drinks/worldwide. Accessed on 20th June, 2022
Stronach SM, Rudd T, Lester JN (1987) Start-up of anaerobic bioreactors on high strength industrial wastes. Biomass 13:173–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/0144-4565(87)90026-6
Tawfik A, El-Kamah H (2012) Treatment of fruit-juice industry wastewater in a two-stage anaerobic hybrid (AH) reactor system followed by a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Environ Technol 33:429–436. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2011.579178
Ul-Haq I, Ali S, Qadeer MA, Iqbal J (2002) Citric acid fermentation by mutant strain of Aspergillus niger GCMC-7using molasses based medium. Electron J Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.2225/vol5-issue2-fulltext-5
Wang J, Cui Z, Li Y et al (2020) Techno-economic analysis and environmental impact assessment of citric acid production through different recovery methods. J Clean Prod 249:119315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119315
Wickham R, Xie S, Galway B et al (2019) Pilot-scale operation experience of anaerobic co-digestion for possible full scale implementation. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 142:137–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2019.05.020
Yin X, Shin H, Li J et al (2017) Comparative genomics and transcriptome analysis of Aspergillus niger and metabolic engineering for citrate production. Sci Rep 7:41040. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep41040
Zhou PP, Meng J, Bao J (2017) Fermentative production of high titer citric acid from corn stover feedstock after dry dilute acid pretreatment and biodetoxification. Bioresour Technol 224:563–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.11.046
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Brazil, and Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), Brazil.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
SM: Conceptualization and investigation, Experiments, Writing—original draft preparation, final review & editing; LPdeSV: Supervision, Resources; Writing—review and editing; WJM-B: Writing—review and editing; CR: Analytical Procedures; Writing—review and editing; CRS: Resources; Writing—final review & editing, Head of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Laboratory.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Authors state that there is no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Mores, S., de Souza Vandenberghe, L.P., Martinez-Burgos, W.J. et al. Simultaneous reuse and treatment of sugar-sweetened beverage wastes for citric acid production. J Food Sci Technol 60, 2401–2407 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-023-05761-9
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-023-05761-9