Abstract
Prolonged and excessive use of chlorpyrifos (CPS) has caused severe pollution, particularly in crops, vegetables, fruits, and water sources. As a result, CPS is detected in various food and water samples using conventional methods. However, its applications are limited due to size, portability, cost, etc. In this regard, electrochemical sensors are preferred for CPS detection due to their high sensitivity, reliability, rapid, on-site detection, and user-friendly. Notably, graphene-based electrochemical sensors have gained more attention due to their unique physiochemical and electrochemical properties. It shows high sensitivity, selectivity, and quick response because of its high surface area and high conductivity. In this review, we have discussed an overview of three graphene-based different functional electrochemical sensors such as electroanalytical sensors, bio-electrochemical sensors, and photoelectrochemical sensors used to detect CPS in food and water samples. Furthermore, the fabrication and operation of these electrochemical sensors using various materials (low band gap material, nanomaterials, enzymes, antibodies, DNA, aptamers, and so on) and electrochemical techniques (CV, DPV, EIS, SWV etc.) are discussed. The study found that the electrical signal was reduced with increasing CPS concentration. This is due to the blocking of active sites, reduced redox reaction, impedance, irreversible reactions, etc. In addition, acetylcholinesterase-coupled sensors are more sensitive and stable than others. Also, it can be further improved by fabricating with low band gap nanomaterials. Despite their advantages, these sensors have significant drawbacks, such as low reusability, repeatability, stability, and high cost. Therefore, further research is required to overcome such limitations.
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Abbreviations
- BIA::
-
Batch injection analysis
- CHA::
-
Chronoamperometry
- CV::
-
Cyclic voltammetry
- DCV::
-
Differential cyclic voltammetry
- DPV::
-
Differential pulse voltammetry
- ECL::
-
Electrochemiluminescence
- EIS::
-
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
- FEIS::
-
Faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
- IML::
-
Inkjet maskless lithography
- LSV::
-
Linear sweep voltammetry
- MPA::
-
Multiple pulse amperometry detection
- SWV::
-
Square wave voltammetry
- AChE::
-
Acetylcholinesterase
- CNT::
-
Carbon nanotube
- CPS::
-
Chlorpyrifos
- GCE::
-
Glassy carbon electrode
- GO::
-
Graphene oxide
- GQD::
-
Graphene quantum dots
- His::
-
Histidine
- MWCNT::
-
Multi wall carbon nanotube
- NGR::
-
Nitrogen doped graphene
- NP::
-
Nanoparticles
- OPs::
-
Organophosphates
- PTE::
-
Phosphotriesterase
- QD::
-
Quantum dots
- rGO::
-
Reduced graphene oxide
- SPE::
-
Screen printed electrode
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The authors acknowledge National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan for this study
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AKP is grateful to NSTC, Taiwan, for funding support (Ref. No. NSTC 111–2222-E-992–006) and the National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology 112 Annual Marine Characteristics Sustainable Development Research Program (Program code 112A13).
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PKP: Writing-original draft, literature review; CWC: Supervision, draft preparation; BSG, Writing–review and editing; RRS: Supervision, Writing–review, and editing; AKP: Supervision, Writing–review and editing; CDD: Supervision, Writing–review and editing.
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Krishna Perumal, P., Chen, Cw., Giri, B.S. et al. Graphene-based functional electrochemical sensors for the detection of chlorpyrifos in water and food samples: a review. J Food Sci Technol 61, 631–641 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-023-05772-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-023-05772-6