Abstract
This is a brief presentation of the most common types of anorectal malformations. It was written for the practicing pediatrician. It meant to be a practical guide to identify and manage these pediatric problems from the newborn until adult life. It emphasizes the importance of suspecting the associated defects, as well as to try to avoid the most common errors observed in the management of these malformations. It also includes information that will allow the clinician to establish the functional prognosis for each specific types of defect.
The management of the sequelae is considered an important part of this chapter.
Keywords
Anorectal malformation Imperforate anus CloacaReferences
- Albanese C, Jennings R, Lopoo J, et al. One-stage correction of high imperforate anus in the male neonate. J Pediatr Surg. 1999;34:834–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bianchi D, Crombleholme T, D’Alton M. Cloacal exstrophy. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2013.Google Scholar
- Bischoff A, Tovilla M. Advances in pediatric colorectal surgery: a practical approach to the management of pediatric fecal incontinence. Sem Pediatr Surg. In press.Google Scholar
- Bischoff A, Levitt MA, Peña A. Bowel management for the treatment of pediatric fecal incontinence. Pediatr Surg Int. 2009;25(12):1027–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bischoff A, Levitt MA, Breech L, Louden E, Peña A. Hydrocolpos in cloacal. Malformations. J Pediatr Surg. 2010;45(6):1241–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bischoff A, Levitt MA, Peña A. Laparoscopy and its use in the repair of anorectal malformations. J Pediatr Surg. 2011;46(8):1609–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bischoff A, Peña A, Levitt MA. Laparoscopic-assisted PSARP – the advantages of combining both techniques for the treatment of anorectal malformations with recto-bladderneck or high prostatic fistulas. J Pediatr Surg. 2013a;48:367–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bischoff A, Levitt MA, Breech L, Hall J, Peña A. Vaginal switch – a useful technical alternative to vaginal replacement for select cases of cloaca and urogenital sinus. J Pediatr Surg. 2013b;48:363–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Brenner E. Congenital defects of the anus and rectum. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1975;20:579–98.Google Scholar
- Casaccia G, Catalano OA, Bagolan P. Congenital gastrointestinal anomalies in anorectal malformations: what relationship and management? Congenit Anom (Kyoto). 2009;49(2):93–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chatoorgoon K1, Pena A, Lawal T, Hamrick M, Louden E, Levitt MA. Neoappendicostomy in the management of pediatric fecal incontinence. J Pediatr Surg. 2011;46(6):1243–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cho S, Moore SP, Fangman T. One hundred three consecutive patients with anorectal malformations and their associated anomalies. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2001;155(5):587–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Duthie HL, Gairns FW. Sensory nerve-endings and sensation in the anal region of man. Br J Surg. 1960;47:585–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Falcone Jr R, Levitt M, Peña A, et al. Increased heritability of certain types of anorectal malformations. J Pediatr Surg. 2007;42:124–7. discussion 127–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Greenwood R, Rosenthal A, Nadas A. Cardiovascular malformations associated with imperforate anus. J Pediatr. 1975;86:576–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gross G, Wolfson P, Peña A. Augmented-pressure colostogram in imperforate anus with fistula. Pediatr Radiol. 1991;21:560–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hamrick M, Eradi B, Bischoff A, Louden E, Peña A, Levitt MA. Rectal atresia and stenosis; unique anorectal malformations. J Pediatr Surg. 2012;47(6):1280–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hassink EA, Rieu PN, Hamel BC, Severijnen RS, vd Staak FH, Festen C. Additional congenital defects in anorectal malformations. Eur J Pediatr. 1996;155(6):477–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hong A, Acuna M, Peña A, et al. Urologic injuries associated with repair of anorectal malformations in male patients. J Pediatr Surg. 2002;37:339–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kraus SJ. Radiologic diagnosis of a newborn with cloaca. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2016;25(2):76–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Levitt M, Peña A. Advances in pediatric colorectal surgery. Cloaca malformations: lessons learned from 490 cases. Sem Pediatr Surg. 2010;19(2):128–138.Google Scholar
- Levitt M, Patel M, Rodriguez G, et al. The tethered spinal cord in patients with anorectal malformations. J Pediatr Surg. 1997a;32:462–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Levitt MA1, Soffer SZ, Peña A. Continent appendicostomy in the bowel management of fecally incontinent children. J Pediatr Surg. 1997b;32(11):1630–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Levitt M, Stein D, Peña A. Gynecologic concerns in the treatment of teenagers with cloaca. J Pediatr Surg. 1998;33:188–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Nam SH, Kim DY, Kim SC. Can we expect a favorable outcome after surgical treatment for an anorectal malformation? J Pediatr Surg. 2016;51(3):421–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Peña A. Atlas of surgical management of anorectal malformations. New York: Springer Verlag; 1989.Google Scholar
- Peña A. Advances in the management of fecal incontinence secondary to anorectal malformations. Surg Annu. 1990;22:143–67.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Peña A. Total urogenital mobilization – an easier way to repair cloacas. J Pediatr Surg. 1997;32:263–7. discussion 267–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Peña A, el Behery M. Megasigmoid: a source of pseudoincontinence in children with repaired anorectal malformations. J Pediatr Surg. 1993;28:199–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Peña A, Migotto-Krieger M, Levitt M. Colostomy in anorectal malformations: a procedure with serious but preventable complications. J Pediatr Surg. 2006;41:748–56. discussion 748–756.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Peña A, Grasshoff S, Levitt M. Reoperations in anorectal malformations. J Pediatr Surg. 2007;42:318–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rich M, Brock W, Peña A. Spectrum of genitourinary malformations in patients with imperforate anus. Pediatr Surg Int. 1988;3:110–3.Google Scholar
- Rosen N, Hong A, Soffer S, et al. Rectovaginal fistula: a common diagnostic error with significant consequences in girls with anorectal malformations. J Pediatr Surg. 2002;37:961–5. discussion 961–965.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Shin YB, Ryoung KL, Kyung HP, Yong HC, Hae YK. Anorectal malformations associated with esophageal atresia in neonates. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr. 2013;16(1):28–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Skerritt C, Tyraskis A, Rees C, Cockar I, Kiely E. Early reported rectal sensation predicts continence in anorectal anomalies. J Pediatr Surg. 2016;51(3):425–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Smith E, Saeki M. Associated anomalies. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser. 1988;24:501–49.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- van den Hondel D, Sloots C, de Jong TH, Lequin M, Wijnen R. Screening and treatment of tethered spinal cord in anorectal malformation patients. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2016;26(1):22–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- van der Steeg HJ, Schmiedeke E, Bagolan P, et al. European consensus meeting of ARM-net members concerning diagnosis and early management of newborns with anorectal malformations. Tech Coloproctol. 2015;19(3):181–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Teixeira O, Malhotra K, Sellers J, et al. Cardiovascular anomalies with imperforate anus. Arch Dis Child. 1983;58:747–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Torres R, Levitt M, Tovilla J, et al. Anorectal malformations and Down’s syndrome. J Pediatr Surg. 1998;33:194–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wang C, Li L, Cheng W. Anorectal malformation: the etiological factors. Pediatr Surg Int. 2015;31(9):795–804.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Copyright information
© Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019