Definition
GPS/leveling or GNSS/leveling is a term covering the efficient determination of physical heights (orthometric, normal, or normal-orthometric) based on GPS/GNSS-positioning technologies and the geoid.
Introduction
The most precise technique for the determination of physical heights above sea level is the classical leveling. The term “sea level” here means a height reference surface – the geoid – which is the theoretical extension of the sea surface over the continents. Leveling, however, is a time consuming and expensive technology, and additionally, its practical applicability requires the establishment and maintenance (periodic re-measurement) of large continental to national scale infrastructure of height reference networks. The realization of such infrastructure for large countries (e.g., USA, Canada, and Australia) and/or countries with high mountains is highly challenging and expensive. If such dedicated reference infrastructure still does not exist, the most efficient...
References and Reading
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Kenyeres, A. (2023). GPS/Leveling. In: Sideris, M.G. (eds) Encyclopedia of Geodesy. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02370-0_44-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02370-0_44-2
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GPS/Leveling- Published:
- 09 March 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02370-0_44-2
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GPS/Leveling- Published:
- 13 July 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02370-0_44-1